Patients and Providers

Question 1

Disparities in Health and Healthcare

Answer 1

Differences in health and healthcare between social groups that arise due to broader inequalities

Question 2

List common health barriers for sexual minority groups. What is the result?

Answer 2

Less likely to access due to stigma/discrimination. More likely to experiences human rights violations, denial of care, discriminatory attitudes, and inapporpriate pathologizing.

Result: higher rates of adverse physical and mental health outcomes

Question 3

Racial and Ethnic disparities in healthcare - hint: emergency. Explain

Answer 3

Racial and ethnic minorities receive care in emergency settings at a disproportionately higher rate than the racial/ethnic majority.

Reason: racial and ethnic minorities utilize routine, preventative care at lower rates than the majority

Question 4

Cost of routine vs emergency care

Answer 4

$ of emergency care > $ of routine care

Question 5

Minority groups and rate of follow-up

Answer 5

Lower rates of follow-up medical care then the majority

Question 6

Effect of Patient Consumerism

Answer 6

Creates a more active role for patients in the healthcare process

Question 7

Provider Qualities that affect Pt-Provider Communication (5)

Answer 7

Inattentiveness, use of jargon, baby talk, depersonalization, and stereotyping

Question 8

How many people in the US report speaking a non-English language at home (2019)?

Answer 8

66 million

Question 9

Effects of language barrier in pt-provider communication

Answer 9

Misunderstanding of patients’ concerns, poor patient compliance, misdiagnosis, unnecessary testing, and poor patient satisfaction (and thus lower rates of follow-up as a result).

Question 10

Patient attributes that affect pt-provider communication

Answer 10

Health literacy, attitudes towards symptoms (embarassment, concerns about possible severity of illness and treatment), assumed responsibility, neuroticism/anxiety, and intelligence

Question 11

Types of Non-adherence due to miscommunication between patiend and provider

Answer 11

Fulfillment, non-persistence, non-conforming

Question 12

Fulfillment type of non-adherence (pt-provider miscommunication)

Answer 12

Prescription is never filled or initiated by the patient

Question 13

Non-persistence type of non-adherence (pt-provider miscommunication)

Answer 13

Patient decides to stop taking medication. Rarely intentional - usually due to miscommunication of the therapeutic plan

Question 14

Non-conforming type of non-adherence (pt-provider miscommunication)

Answer 14

Medication is not taken as prescribed, e.g. skipping doses, taking incorrect amount or at the wrong time

Question 15

Components of healthcare professional BURNOUT

Answer 15

Emotional exhaustion, cynicism, low sense of efficacy in one’s job

Question 16

Two examples of realtively high-rate-of-burnout healthcare fields

Answer 16

ER medicine and terminal care. Especially nurses

Question 17

___% of physicians surveryed reported at least one symptom of burnout between 2021 and 2022, and increase from ___% in 2017

Answer 17

63% in 21/22; 44% in 2017

Question 18

*Impacts of burnout

Answer 18

Worse patient care, outcomes, and satisfaction. Reduced physician productivity. Poor physician health. See slide 22 in Patients and Providers for specific examples

Question 19

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Def and Ex’s

Answer 19

Healthcare practices that are not rooted in science of evidence of success, rather, they are rooted in beliefs.

Ex: prayer, potions, herb products, yoga, massage, homeopathic medicines, and acupuncture

Question 20

CAM - Dietary supplements

Answer 20

Contain nutrients in amounts that are as high or higher than daily recommended amounts. Use of supplements is not scientifically related to improved health

Question 21

CAM - Prayer

Answer 21

Classified as a mind-body intervention

Question 22

CAM - acupuncture

Answer 22

Insertion of long needles into specific parts of the body that are believed to be associated with the patient’s specific type of ailment or distress. Often used in an attempt to control pain

Question 23

CAM - Hypnosis (name 3 examples of areas where positive impacts have been seen)

Answer 23

Induces a state of focused attention and relaxation, usually done with the help fo a trained therapist. Has proven acceptable efficacy in depression, sleep problems, and smoking cessation

Question 24

CAM - Guided imagery

Answer 24

Practice of guided imagery can alleviate stress, induce relaxation, and reduce pain

Question 25

CAM - Reiki

Answer 25

Japanese form of energy healing/relaxation/stress-reduction in which the practitioner places hands directly on or above the patient to direct energy

Question 26

CAM - Magnetic field therapy

Answer 26

Placement of small magnets over the entire body to help boost overall health

Question 27

CAM - Qigong

Answer 27

Part of traditional Chinese medicine; coordinated exercises to optimize energy within the mind, body, and spirit. Believed to improve fitness and reduce anxiety and depression

Question 28

Placebo

Answer 28

Any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent, not its specific action

Question 29

Nocebo effects

Answer 29

Refers to the fact that info about potential adverse effects of a condition or treatment may help produce those adverse effects

Question 30

Placebo effect and the impact of physician attitude

Answer 30

Positive health changes that occur due to distinctive psychological mechanisms. Enhanced whenthe prescribing/acting physician shows faith in the Tx