PATTERNS AND TRENDS YOUTH SUBCULTURES

Question 1

Campbell

Answer 1

The state is responsible for creating extreme forms of masculinity by denying legitimate access

Question 2

Messerschmidt

Answer 2

‘doing masculinity’- denied legitimate access

Question 3

Who spoke about ‘doing masculinity?’

Answer 3

Messerschmidt

Question 4

Heidensohn

Answer 4

‘double deviance’

Question 5

Why does Heidensohn think girls commit less crime?

Answer 5

Social control

Question 6

Harding

Answer 6

Girls become fixers for gangs- violence to keep them in line

Question 7

What did Bougeois study?

Answer 7

Latino drug dealers in NYC- ‘anguish of growing up poor’ led them to deviance

Question 8

Who studied Latino drug dealers in NYC?

Answer 8

Bougeois

Question 9

What did Nightingale study?

Answer 9

Black males in Philadelphia- racial and economic exclusion led them to achieving goal through illegitimacy

Question 10

Who studied black males in Philadelphia?

Answer 10

Nightingale

Question 11

Mirza

Answer 11

Studied black girls in education- ‘strategic rationalisation’

Question 12

Sewell

Answer 12

Conformists, innovators, retreatists and rebels- rebels for the stereotype

Question 13

Archer

Answer 13

Studied young Muslim boys- Islamophobia causes them to ‘turn inwards’

Question 14

Cohen

Answer 14

‘status frustration’

Question 15

Decker

Answer 15

push and pull factors

Question 16

Who talks about push and pull factors?

Answer 16

Decker

Question 17

White

Answer 17

Gangs give security

Question 18

Young

Answer 18

‘sociology of vindictiveness’, ‘bulimic society’, ‘intensity of exclusion’

Question 19

‘sociology of vindictiveness’

Answer 19

Young

Question 20

‘bulimic society’

Answer 20

Young

Question 21

Underclass feel ‘intensity of exclusion’

Answer 21

Young

Question 22

What did Paul Willis find?

Answer 22

All boys school in Birmingham- found that their attitudes were similar in school and work

Question 23

Mac and Ghaill three types of boy in school

Answer 23

Ordinary lads, academic achievers and macho lads

Question 24

Brown

Answer 24

‘getting in, getting out and getting on’

Question 25

Jacobson

Answer 25

1/2 children in custody came from a deprived background

Question 26

Farrington

Answer 26

Socio-economic deprivation was a key indicator of future criminality

Question 27

'teeny bopper'

Answer 27

McRobbie and Garber- subculture centered around bedroom 1970s due to social control

Question 28

How does Thornton explain why girls have less subcultural capital?

Answer 28

They have less disposable income and invest more time into school

Question 29

Who spoke about mainstream culture becoming 'feminised'?

Answer 29

Thornton

Question 30

'raga girls'

Answer 30

McRobbie- sexual dancing to challenge male sexism

Question 31

Reddington- evidence of female influence on spectacular subcultures

Answer 31

Vivienne Westwood, punkettes

Question 32

Hebdige

Answer 32

Rastafarian culture- smoking marijuana as a form of resistance

Question 33

Johal

Answer 33

Suggests that some Brasians adopt a hyper ethnic style in resistance- 'empowerment through indifference'

Question 34

'code switching'

Answer 34

Where young Asians move between one culture and another

Question 35

McRobbie and Garber

Answer 35

'teeny bopper'- form of resistant youth subculture

Question 36

Thornton

Answer 36

Mainstream culture becomes 'feminised'

Question 37

McRobbie

Answer 37

'active girls'

Question 38

Reddington

Answer 38

Argues that there have been very active members of female subcultures, eg Vivienne Westwood

Question 39

Hebdige

Answer 39

Studied Rastafarian culture, found that smoking marijuana was a form of resistance to white culture and racism

Question 40

Johal

Answer 40

'hyper ethnic style', - 'empowerment through indifference'

Question 41

Vale and Juno

Answer 41

Body modifications are a reaction to a sense of powerlessness in an ever-changing world

Question 42

Jacobson

Answer 42

1/2 children in youth custody come from a deprived background

Question 43

Body modifications as a reaction to powerlessness

Answer 43

Vale and Juno

Question 44

Female influence in subcultures, eg Vivienne Westwood

Answer 44

Reddington

Question 45

Gangs give security

Answer 45

White

Question 46

Status frustration

Answer 46

Cohen

Question 47

Teeny bopper as a form of resistance

Answer 47

McRobbie and Garber

Question 48

Conformists, innovators, retreatists, rebels

Answer 48

Sewell

Question 49

State denies access to legitimate forms of masculinity in the form of employment

Answer 49

Campbell

Question 50

Mods as related to cultural hybridity

Answer 50

Influenced by West Indian style

Question 51

Skinheads as related to cultural hybridity

Answer 51

Caribbean music

Question 52

Example of cultural hybridity figures in the UK

Answer 52

Eminem

Question 53

Examples of cultural resistance

Answer 53

Rastafarianism, Brasians

Question 54

Mercer

Answer 54

Symbolic meaning of dreadlocks- form of resistance

Question 55

Cultural appropriation

Answer 55

Elvis Presley, popularity of Chinese tattoos

Question 56

Hutynk

Answer 56

Western cultures strip meanings of symbols and use them in a superficial way

Question 57

Who speaks about Western cultures stripping the meanings from symbols?

Answer 57

Hutnyk

Question 58

How is cultural exchange criticised?

Answer 58

British culture is imposed rather than exchanged through imperialism

Question 59

Subcultures with girls

Answer 59

New Romantics

Question 60

McRobbie (magazines)

Answer 60

Shift from romance to confident sexuality | Girls do not passively accept content

Question 61

Blackman

Answer 61

Studied New Wave Girls- resistance to gender stereotypes in school

Question 62

Who studied New Wave Girls?

Answer 62

Blackman

Question 63

Reay

Answer 63

See academic achievement as a competition that they cannot win

Question 64

'hyper- heterosexuality'

Answer 64

Archer and Yamashita

Question 65

Strand and Winston

Answer 65

Asian and African boys laughed at when they were seen to work hard- developed anti-school mindset to protect

Question 66

1994-2004 women in prisons in England and Wales increased by

Answer 66

150%