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PAUL Flashcards

bacteria (67 cards)

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1
Q

what habitats are bacteria found in?

A

every habitat on earth = soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, seawater, deep in the earth’s crust

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2
Q

pathogens are:

A

microorganisms that cause damage to the host and symptoms of infection

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3
Q

primary infections?

A

organism gets into the system with no previous immunity

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4
Q

secondary infections?

A

starts with primary infection, lowers the immune system and develops into something worse

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5
Q

chain of infection:

A

pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, means on transmission, portal of entry, new host

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6
Q

normal microbiota inhabit…

A

skin, GI tract, genitourinary tract, nasopharynx and oropharynx and oral cavity

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7
Q

sites of the body with no endogenous / sterile microbiota are:

A

lungs, eyes, brain, liver, kidneys, heart

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8
Q

where are endogenous bacteria found?

A

naturally in a given environment

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9
Q

what do endogenous bacteria form?

A

part of the normal microbiota, specific to different hosts and body sites

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10
Q

types of bacterial diseases in children:

A

meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)
strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
conjunctivitis (Staphylococcus aureus)

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11
Q

infections diseases in the elderly:

A

pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
UTIs (E.coli)
pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium difficile)
skin infections (bacterial or fungal)

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12
Q

5 underlying health conditions that predispose to infection?

A

diabetes, lung conditions, HIV, heart disease, cancer

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13
Q

How are endogenous bacteria often moved to new sites by the host?

A

The result of poor hygiene practice
This is a sort of cross-contamination

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14
Q

What predisposes secondary bacterial infections?

A

Primary viral infections

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15
Q

What is the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Non-hemolytic streptococci
  • Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
  • Neisseria sp.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Hemophilus influenzae
  • Neisseria meningitis
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16
Q

What percentage of bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis cases are caused by streptococcus pyogenes?

A

5-40%

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17
Q

What are common symptoms of pharyngitis/tonsillitis?

A
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Sore throat
  • Myalgia
  • Erythema exudates around pharynx/tonsils
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18
Q

What commonly precedes sinusitis?

A

Viral infections – common cold

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19
Q

What bacteria are commonly associated with sinusitis?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Hemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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20
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis media?

A
  • Fever
  • Otalgia
  • Discharge
  • Hearing loss
  • Vertigo
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21
Q

What bacteria are associated with otitis media?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Hemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
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22
Q

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A
  • Redness
  • Burning
  • Mucopurulent discharge
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23
Q

Which bacteria can cause eye infections such as conjunctivitis?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Hemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
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24
Q

What type of infections can some bacteria from the nasopharynx lead to?

A

Lower respiratory infections

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25
What is a common lower respiratory infection caused by bacteria?
Pneumonia
26
What is a serious infection that can result from bacteria in the nasopharynx?
Meningitis
27
What percentage of the population carries Neisseria meningitidis in their nasopharynx?
Approx. 15%
28
What is the natural host for Neisseria meningitidis?
Humans
29
What happens when Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the nasopharynx?
It can move to the meninges
30
What are the primary host defenses?
Skin and Mucosa, Non-specific local responses (pH), Non-specific inflammatory responses (Antimicrobial peptides/chemicals / Fever), Immune responses
31
Define virulence.
The degree of pathology caused by the organism
32
What is the harmful quality of bacteria that renders them pathogenic?
Virulence
33
What are virulence factors?
Any attribute a pathogen has that allows it to successfully colonise its host, avoid the immune system and cause damage
34
What is the genetic basis of virulence in Yersinia enterocolitica?
Chromosomal – Invasion factors
35
What is the genetic basis of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus?
Plasmid – Enterotoxin
36
What is the genetic basis of virulence in Streptococcus pyogenes?
Bacteriophage – Erythrogenic toxin
37
What is the genetic basis of virulence in E.coli?
Transposon – Enterotoxin
38
How do capsules function as a virulence factor?
They prevent phagocytosis (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
39
What is the role of fibrinolysin in virulence?
Streptococcus pyogenes ?
40
What is hyaluronidase, and what organism produces it?
A virulence factor produced by Streptococcus pyogenes
41
What is coagulase and which bacteria is it associated with?
A virulence factor associated with Staphylococcus aureus
42
What is antigenic variation and which organism exhibits it?
A virulence factor exhibited by Neisseria meningitides
43
What are biofilms and which bacteria is known for them?
Virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis
44
What is endotoxin and where is it found?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), integral part of the gram negative cell wall
45
What can endotoxin cause?
Septic shock
46
What are exotoxins?
Heat labile proteins produced by Gram Positive / Negative bacteria
47
What is a neurotoxin and which bacteria produces it?
A toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that prevents the release of acetylcholine
48
What is the effect of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum?
Prevents muscle excitation resulting in flaccid paralysis
49
What is a cytotoxin and which organism is known for it? | C... d...
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
50
What is the function of cytotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae? | hint - protein synthesis
Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking elongation of the growing peptide chain
51
What are enterotoxins and which bacteria produces them? | V...
Vibrio cholerae
52
What is the mechanism of action of enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae?
cAMP / Adenylate cyclase -> Na+ Cl- -> Fluid loss
53
Where do pathogens commonly come from?
Humans, animals, environment
54
Define pathogenicity.
The ability of an organism to cause disease (ie, harm the host)
55
What does pathogenicity describe?
The ease with which a pathogen can infect its host and the amount of damage it can do
56
exogenous bacteria can be acquired through what routes? | 4 i's
contact inhalation ingestion inoculation iatrogenic
57
sources of infection (exogenous bacteria)
soil, water, food, air
58
host defence mechanisms | contact
mechanical - mucous membrane, intact skin, pH systemic - phagocytes, antibodies, complement
59
host defence mechanims | inhalation
cilia lining the nasal cavity
60
what clinical features are present in the URI?
sore throat, common cold, sinusitis, otitis media
61
what clinical features are present in the LRI?
Acute bronchitis Epiglottitis Whooping cough Pneumonia Acute exacerbations (COPD, CF) Tuberculosis
62
host defence mechanisms | ingestion
mechanical - mucous membrane, microbiome systemic - phagocytes, antibodies
63
host defence mechanisms | inoculation and iatrogenic
skin, phagocytes, complement, antibodies, NK cells
64
clinical features of SSIs
inflammation, erythema, purulent discharge abscesses cellulitis
65
etiological agents | inoculation
needle stick injuries - HIV, hepatitis B + C insect bite - mosquitos (malaria / plasmodium) ticks, lyme disease
66
clincal features | iatrogenic
Catheter related Blood stream infections Biofilm associated infections due to indwelling prosthetic devices Vegetations on prosthetic heart valves Surgical site infections
67
etiological agents | contact
HIV Herpes simplex virus Epstein-Barr Virus Human papilloma virus Chlamydia trachomatis Haemophilus ducreyi Trichomonas vaginalis Treponema pallidum

Infection and Immunity (3 decks)

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