Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KHI > PBL 4: Jim Christopolous -Oxygen > Flashcards

PBL 4: Jim Christopolous -Oxygen Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the flow of air into the lungs from Nasal/Oral cavity to Alveoli

A

Nasal/Oral Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → L/R Main Bronchus → Lobar Bronchi → Segmental Bronchi → Bronchioles → several divisions → Terminal Bronchioles → Respiratory Bronchioles → Alveolar Ducts → Alveolar Sacs → Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type I Alveolar Cells

A

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Gas Exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type II Alveolar Cells

A

Cuboidal Epithelia

Secrete Surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

Simple passive diffusion down partial pressure gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the partial pressure gradients for PO2 and PCO2 throughout the body.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 4 factors affect alveolar gas exchange?

A
  1. Partial pressure difference (High altitude)
  2. Thickness of membrane (Pulmonary Edema, fibrosis, pneumonia)
  3. Surface area (breath more deepy, emphysema)
  4. Ventilation-perfusion ratio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A
  1. 5% Dissolved in plasma
  2. 5% bound to Hb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

7% dissolved in the plasma

23% as HbCO2

80% as HCO2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What partial pressure differences drive the transportation of oxygen from blood to cells

A

Arterial Blood PO2 (100 mmHg)→ Interstitial Fluid (40mmHg) → Cells (23 mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Venous blood PO2

A

40mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the partial pressure differences that drive the transportation of CO2 from the tissues to the blood

A

Cell (47mmHg)→ Intertitial Fluid (46mmHg) → Arterial blood (40mHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Venous blood PCO2

A

46mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What % of Hb is saturated with oxygen in the arterial blood and venous blood

A

Arterial Blood: ~96%

Venous blood: ~64%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does CO poisoning affect the Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A
  1. Increases Hb affinity for Oxygen (shifts curve to the left)
  2. Decreases oxygen delivery for a given PO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors cause a right shift in the Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Right shift = reduced Hb affinity for O

CADET, face right!

Carbon Dioxide

Acid

DPG

Excercise

Temperature

+ Any physiologicla state where tissues need more oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does binding of CO to Hb reduce its O2 carrying capacity?

A
  1. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on Hb (200-240 times higher affinity)
  2. Causes a conformational change that increases Hb affinity for O2 therefore more tighly held (curve shifts left)
17
Q

Which four structures detect information that stimulates the respiratory center in the medulla?

A
  1. Peripheral Chemoreceptors: aortic and carotid bodies (CO2, O2, H+)
  2. Central Chemoreceptors in medulla (H+ derived from CO2)
  3. Stretch receptors in smooth muscle (prevent overinflation)
  4. Cortex: Voluntary control, before exercise, emotion
18
Q

What 3 signals prompt the medullary respiratory center to increase ventilation?

A
  1. Decreased arterial PO2
  2. Increased arterial PCO2
  3. H+ concentration
19
Q

What is the main regulator of ventilation?

A

CO2 generated H+ in the brain

20
Q

How does increased arterial PCO2 stimulate the medullary respiratory centers?

A
  1. Increased PCO2 decreases CSF pH
  2. Central chemoreceptors in medulla respond to H+ in CSF (70% of response)
  3. Afferent impulses sent to medullary respiratory centers
  4. Increased arterial PCO2
  5. Peripheral chemoreceptors (30% of response) respond
  6. Afferent impulses sent to medullary respiratory centers
21
Q

What is the medullary respiratory center response to afferent impulses from the central and peripheral chemoreceptors following an increase in arterial PCO2?

A

Efferent impulses sent to respiratory muscles → Increased ventilation (more CO2 exhaled) → Arterial PCO2 and pH return to normal

22
Q

Outline the ATP yield from GTP, NADH, FADG and the complete breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

A

GTP = 1 ATP

NADH = 2.5 ATP

FADH = 1.5 ATP

Glucose = 32 ATP

23
Q

Glucose is oxidised in the glycolitic pathway to yield what products?

A
  1. 2 ATP
  2. 2 NADH
  3. Pyruvate
24
Q

What are the consequences of reduced availability of O2 to bind to cytochrome oxidase on the capacity of the cell to synthesis ATP?

A
  1. ETC shut down -can’t combine H+ and O2 at cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV)
  2. Increases concentration of NADH and reduced NAD+ in mitochondria
  3. Decreased NAD+ shuts down TCA as NAD no longer available to accept electrons
  4. Pyruvate accumulation due to decreased TCA
  5. Pyruvate converted to lactate to generate small amounts of ATP and regenerate NAD
  6. Ongoing hydrolysis of ATP releasing H+ and production of Lactate = Lactic acidosis
25
Q

Name the 6 main components of the ETC

A
  1. NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)
  2. Succinate dehydrogenase
  3. Coenzyme Q (Complex II)
  4. Cytochrome C
  5. Cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV)
  6. ATP Synthase
26
Q

What effect does cyanide have on the ETC?

A

Cyanide binds to cytochrome c oxidase, preventing O2 combination with H+. This causes an increase in O2 levels without production of ATP

27
Q

What effect does DNP have on the ETC?

A

Dinitrophenol is an ETC uncoupler. It is a lipophilic weak acid that vinds the H+ in the intramembrane space, moving across the membrane and dissociating. This process dissolves the H+ gradient causing unregulated usage of NADH and FADH2

28
Q

How is the energy released during the transportation of electrons through the ETC used to establish a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane?

How is this used to generate ATP?

A

Electrons are passed sequentially from complex to complex, gradualling decreasing in energy. At each step, this change in energy is used to pump protons across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

Hydrogen flows through ATP synthase, down its concentration gradient, providing energy for ADP and Pi to be combined to form ATP

29
Q

How is the rate of flux through the ETC controlled by availability of ADP?

A
  1. Flux of Hydrogen across membrane and thus ATP synthesis highly coupled with ADP concentration
  2. ADP/ATP concentrations in dynamic equilibrium
  3. Increased ADP through Increased ATP hydrolysis promotes increased ATP synthesis
  4. Decreased ADP through decreased hydrolysis of ATP results in decreased synthesis of ADP
  5. Thus the rate of ATP synthesis is highlly matched to the leve lof ADP
30
Q

Outline effects and reaponse of the cell when an uncoupling agent uncouples electron transport and ATP synthesis

A
  1. No ATP production
  2. NAD+ recycled, cell tries to increase ATP synthesis by ramping up the activity of glycolysis and TCA
  3. ADP continually rises as ATP is hydrolyxed
  4. Increased substrate usage, increased ADP levels fail to result in increased ATP synthesis
  5. The ADP/ATP levels are no longer ‘coupled’
31
Q

What are the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 throughouth the body?

A
32
Q

Draw the electron transport chain

A
33
Q

Draw the Hb dissociation curve

A
34
Q

Draw the TCA Cycle

A
35
Q

Mnemonic for TCA compounds

A

Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?

Citrate

Isocitrate

a-Ketoglutarate

Succinyl CoA

Succinate

Fumerate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

36
Q
A

KHI (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions