PE AS- Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Name all chambers of the heart?

Answer 1

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.

Question 2

Name all valves of the heart?

Answer 2

Tricuspid valve- between right atrium and right ventricle.
Bicuspid- between left atrium and left ventricle.
Semi-lunar- pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 3

What does myogenic mean?

Answer 3

Heart can generate its own impulses.

Question 4

What is the SA node and what is its role?

Answer 4

Sinoatrial node located in wall of right atrium, small mass of cardiac muscle, generates electrical impulse.

Question 5

What is the AV node and what is its role?

Answer 5

A node that relays impulse from SA node between upper and lower sections of the heart.

Question 6

What is the bundle of His?

Answer 6

Collection of heart muscle cells, transmits electrical impulse from AVN via bundle branches to ventricles.

Question 7

What are purkinje fibres?

Answer 7

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in walls of ventricles.

Question 8

Name the process of events in one cardiac conduction cycle?

Answer 8

Sally                     SA node
Always.               Atrial systole
Aims.                   AV node
Balls.                   Bundle of His
Past.                    Purkinje fibres
Vicky.                  Ventricular systole

Question 9

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 9

Part of autonomic nervous system, speeds up heart rate.

Question 10

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 10

Part of autonomic nervous system, decreases heart rate.

Question 11

What is the medulla oblongata?

Answer 11

Part of brain that regulates breathing and heart rate.

Question 12

What 2 parts make up the nervous system?

Answer 12

CNS- brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system- nerve cells that transmit information.

Question 13

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 13

Tiny structures in aortic arch, detect changes in blood pH, caused by increase of decrease in CO2 concentration.

Question 14

What is the affect of increased CO2 blood levels on chemoreceptors?

Answer 14

Heart rate increases.

Question 15

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 15

Special sensors in aortic arch, respond to changes in blood pressure and will increase or decrease heart rate.

Question 16

What is the effect of an increase in blood pressure on baroreceptors?

Answer 16

Decrease in heart rate.

Question 17

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 17

Sensory nerve endings in tendons, detect changes in muscle movements.

Question 18

What is the effect of increase muscle movement on proprioceptors?

Answer 18

Increase in heart rate.

Question 19

What is the order of events for a signal being sent from a proprioceptor?

Answer 19

Proprioceptor, impulse to medulla, impulse through sympathetic nervous system, to SA node.

Question 20

What is adrenaline?

Answer 20

Stress hormone, released by sympathetic nerves, causes an increase in heart rate.

Question 21

What does adrenaline do to heart rate?

Answer 21

Stimulates SA node, causes an increase in speed of heart contractions, increases cardiac output.

Question 22

What is stroke volume?

Answer 22

Volume of blood pumped out heart ventricles in each contraction.

Question 23

What is a diastole phase?

Answer 23

Heart relaxes to fill with blood.

Question 24

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 24

Percentage of blood pumped out left ventricle per beat.

Question 25

What is venous return?

Answer 25

Volume of blood being returned to heart via the vena cava

Question 26

What factors effect stroke volume?

Answer 26

Venous return, elasticity of cardiac fibres, the contractility of cardiac tissue.

Question 27

What is starling’s law?

Answer 27

Increased venous return-greater diastolic filling of heart-cardiac muscle stretched-more force of contraction=increased ejection fraction.

Question 28

What is heart rate?

Answer 28

Number of times the heart beats per minute.

Question 29

What is cardiac output?

Answer 29

Volume of blood pumped out heart ventricles per minute.

Question 30

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 30

Cardiac output (Q)=Stroke volume (SV) X Heart rate (HR)

Question 31

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 31

Thickening of muscular walls of heart, bigger and stronger, larger ventricular cavity.

Question 32

What is the effect of exercise on heart rate?

Answer 32

Increases but increase corresponds with intensity of exercise.

Question 33

What is bradycardia?

Answer 33

Resting heart rate below 60bpm

Question 34

What is the effect of exercise on cardiac output?

Answer 34

Large increase to supply fresh blood to muscles.

Question 35

What is the effect of exercise on stroke volume?

Answer 35

Stroke volume increases, however SV does plateau above 40-60% of maximum effort as there is less time for ventricular diastole meaning less blood pumped out.

Question 36

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 36

Arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

Question 37

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 37

Occurs when coronary arteries become blocked or start to narrow from build-up of fatty deposits.

Question 38

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 38

When arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged by fatty deposits.

Question 39

What is atheroma?

Answer 39

Fatty deposits found in arteries.

Question 40

What is angina?

Answer 40

Chest pain associated with coronary heart disease.

Question 41

What is high blood pressure?

Answer 41

Force exerted by blood against blood vessel wall.

Question 42

What are the effect of high blood pressure?

Answer 42

Puts extra strain on heart and increases risk of heart attack and stroke.

Question 43

What are the two main forms of cholesterol?

Answer 43

HDL and LDL

Question 44

What is the role of the vena cava?

Answer 44

Brings deoxygenated blood to right atrium.

Question 44

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

Answer 44

Brings oxygenated blood back to left atrium from lungs.

Question 45

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

Answer 45

Leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to lungs.

Question 46

What is the role of the aorta?

Answer 46

Leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood for the body.

Question 47

What is LDL cholesterol?

Answer 47

Low density lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in blood back to the tissues. Increase risk of heart disease.

Question 48

What is HDL cholesterol?

Answer 48

High density lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in blood back to liver where it can be broken down, decrease risk of heart disease.

Question 49

What is a stroke?

Answer 49

When the blood supply to the brain is cut off

Question 50

What are the two main types of stoke?

Answer 50

Ischaemic and haemorrhagic

Question 51

What is an ischaemic stroke?

Answer 51

When a blood clot stops the blood supply to the brain

Question 52

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 52

When a weakened blood vessel burst on the brain

Question 53

What does steady state mean?

Answer 53

When the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.

Question 54

What is cardiovascular drift?

Answer 54

Decrease in stroke volume, increase in heart rate, reduced venous return, increase in cardiac output, occurs after exercise.

Question 55

What are the two types of circulation in the body?

Answer 55

Pulmonary and systemic.

Question 56

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 56

Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart.

Question 57

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 57

Oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Question 58

What are three characteristics of a vein?

Answer 58

Thinner elastic tissue layers, wider lumen, valves

Question 59

What are three characteristics of arteries?

Answer 59

Larger elastic layer, high pressure, a small lumen

Question 60

What are three mechanisms that increase venous return?

Answer 60

Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, pocket valves

Question 61

What is the skeletal muscle pump and how does it aid venous return?

Answer 61

When muscles contract and relax they change shape, change in shape means they press on nearby veins squeezing the blood towards the heart.

Question 62

What is the respiratory pump and how does it aid venous return?

Answer 62

Breathing in and out changes the pressure in thoracic and abdominal cavities, pressure changes compress nearby veins, more blood return.

Question 63

What are pocket valves and how do they aid venous return?

Answer 63

Flaps that close or open, prevent back-flow of blood ensuring maintained pressure gradient of venous return to heart.

Question 64

What is the impact of blood pressure on venous return?

Answer 64

Wh systolic blood pressure increases so does venous return.

Question 65

What is plasma?

Answer 65

Fluid part of blood, surround blood cells and transports them.

Question 66

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 66

Iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.