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Unit 5 > Pediatric Alterations > Flashcards

Pediatric Alterations Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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2
Q

What is treatment of croup?

A

Oral dexamethasone
Inhaled Budesonide (updraft)
Humidified O2
Keep them calm and quiet
Monitor for signs of respiratory distress

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3
Q

What is epiglottitis and why an emergency?

A

Caused by flu virus
–Acute inflammation of epiglottis, can lead to complete blockage of airway–

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4
Q

Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?

A

Tripod position
Drooling
Dysphagia (difficult swallowing)
Dysphonia (difficult talking)
Respiratory distress
High fever

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5
Q

Number one rule in treatment of epiglottitis?

A

Don’t stick anything in mouth

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6
Q

What vaccine can prevent epiglottitis?

A

HIB (Haemophilus Influenza Type B)
CDC recommends for all kids under 5
—also protects against bacterial meningitis–
Series of shots usually given at 2, 4, 6, 12 months (but depends on brand)

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7
Q

Treatment for epiglottitis?

A

Intubation
Rocephin

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8
Q

RSV causes inflammation of the …

A

Bronchioles—called bronchiolitis

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9
Q

What is treatment for RSV?

A

Supportive:
Fluids
Humidification
Rest
Not antibiotics

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10
Q

Two causes of pneumonia…

A

Viral and bacterial
–They will try to determine which type to alter treatment–

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11
Q

Which is more common-viral or bacterial pneumonia?

A

Viral

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12
Q

What viruses are the usual culprits of pneumonia?

A

RSV (in kids)
Flu

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13
Q

Distinguishing between viral and bacterial pneumonia is challenging (even for doctors). What are some subtle differences?

A

Viral is usually a slower onset. They will be sick for a while and then it will progress to pneumonia. They may also have other systemic signs of illness like GI and flu like.
Fevers will be lower grade in viral.
Not as much purulent sputum in viral.
Adventitious breath sounds will be in both lungs equally in viral. Bacterial usually settles in one location in lungs.

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14
Q

What is difference in treatment from viral to bacterial pneumonia?

A

Viral: Supportive-Fluid, O2
Bacterial: Supportive plus antibiotics
(usually amoxicillin, augmentin)

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15
Q

What is the most frequent age range for children with foreign body aspiration? (FBA)

A

6 months—–5 years

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16
Q

What are signs of FBA?

A

Sudden violent coughing
Gagging, wheezing
Apnea, cyanosis

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17
Q

Where does a foreign body usually lodge?

A

Right bronchi

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18
Q

What are some risk factors for SIDS?

A

2-4 months old
Boy
Low birth weight
Native American, black
Winter
Stomach sleepers
Smoker in pregnancy
Alcohol in pregnancy
Warm room
Bottle fed

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19
Q

What are some SABA (short acting beta agonists) used in treatment of asthma flare ups?
–Sometimes called rescue or reliever inhalers–

A

Albuterol
Terbutaline
Metaproteronol

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20
Q

What are some LABA (long acting beta agonists) used in asthma control?

A

Salmeterol
Formoterol
Indacaterol

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21
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Inherited
Characterized by thick secretions that obstruct many organs

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22
Q

What is early sign of possible CF (cystic fibrosis)?

A

Meconium ileus at birth

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23
Q

How do they diagnose CF?

A

Immunoreactive Trypsinogen assay
DNA
Pilocarpine lontophoresis (sweat test)

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24
Q

How do they treat CF?

A

Chest physiotherapy
Antibiotics
Steroids

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25
What is patent ductus arteriosis?
Normal hole between aorta and pulmonary artery but Normal closure doesn't happen (usually happens within 3 days of birth) Common in premature babies and especially girls Leads to increased workload on heart and lungs Presents as HF-edema, lung congestion, increased RR, failure to thrive, bounding pulses, increased pulse pressure --Treatment is surgery--
26
What is atrial septal defect?
Hole in between two atrias Usual closure doesn't happen (normally takes weeks or months) Often have no symptoms If hole is large enough may hear a murmur --Treatment is surgery--
27
What is ventricular septal defect?
Hole in between two ventricles May hear a murmur May see respiratory distress May see failure to thrive ---Treatment is surgery--
28
What is tetralogy of Fallot?
Defect that blocks blood from circulating to lungs and to system. These babies are usually cyanotic. Increased risk of endocardiditis. ---Treatment is surgery early in life--
29
What is transposition of great vessels?
Blood flow cycle is reversed. Will present with weak pulse, hypoxia, cyanosis. ---Will not survive if not repaired quickly--
30
What is treatment of GERD in babies?
Keep upright during and after feeding Small, frequent feeding Burping often Rinitidine (if more conservative things don't work)
31
What is encopresis?
Holding poop
32
What is the point of pain called in appendicitis?
McBurneys point --Right lower quadrant--
33
What is a positive Rovsing sign?
Palpation on left lower quadrant makes pain in right side --appendicitis sign--
34
What is a positive Psoas sign?
Lift leg and pain in RLQ
35
What is enuresis?
Can't hold urine Nocturnal (bed wetting) Diurnal (day time)
36
What are some things that may cause enuresis?
Diabetes Sexual abuse UTI Pinworms
37
What will urinalysis show in UTI?
Positive for leukocytes and nitrites
38
What antibiotic is usually given for UTIs?
Bactrim
39
What is epispadias? Hypospadias?
Urethral opening on top of glans Urethral opening on bottom of glans
40
What is nephrotic syndrome?
Inherited Damaged blood vessels in kidneys lead to decreased function.
41
What are signs of nephrotic syndrome?
Edema Fatigue Abdominal pain Anorexia Proteinuria Hypoalbuminemia Weight gain Swollen faces
42
What are some signs of iron deficiency anemia?
Dark circles under eyes Pale Fatigue SOB
43
What is MCV in labs?
Mean corpuscular volume --Testing size of RBCs, small in anemia--
44
What is MCHC in labs?
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration --Testing concentration of hemoglobin, light color in anemia-- --Normal range is 32-36--
45
What are 3 factors that precipitate a sickle cell crisis?
Infection Dehydration Hypoxia
46
What is thalassemia?
An group of inherited disorder that causes reduction in hemoglobin. Black, Mediterranean, SE Asian descent
47
Difference in thalassemia minor and major?
Minor-inherit gene from one parent Major-inherit gene from two parents
48
What is beta thalassemia (Cooley anemia)?
Severe type. Life expectance is early adulthood Frontal bossing Maxillary prominence Wide set eyes with flat nose Bronze skin Hepatosplenomegaly
49
What is most common clotting disorder in the US?
Von Willebrand disease Don't produce enough of a certain protein for clotting Will present as frequent nose bleeds, easy bruising, slow to clot
50
What are common side effects of chemo?
Bruising/Bleeding Alopecia N/V Anorexia Stomatitis Malaise (sick) Fatigue
51
What are common side effects of radiation?
Skin reactions Bruising Fatigue Anorexia N/V
52
What is a Wilm's tumor?
Renal tumor
53
What will TSH levels be in hypothyroidism? Hyperthyroidism?
Hypo: TSH high T3, T4 low Hyper: TSH low T3, T4 high
54
What is diabetes insipidus?
Not diabetes! A problem with fluid regulation in body. Usually caused by ADH problems. Causes person to excrete large amounts of clear urine. Characterized by polydipsia, dehyration, hypernatremia, increased urination
55
What is SIADH?
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Characterized by hyponatremia Edema High urine specific gravity
56
What are some signs of hyponatremia?
N/V Headache Anorexia Confusion, irritability, lethargy Altered LOC Seizures>>Coma
57
Glasgow coma scale components
Eye opening Verbal Response Motor Response
58
What is the difference between disoriented and delirious?
Disoriented=doesnt recognized person or place Delirious=Out of touch with reality with possible hallucinations
59
What are the 4 parts and grades of eye opening in GCS (Glasgow coma)?
4=Spontaneous 3=To sound 2=To pressure 1=None
60
What are the 5 parts and grades of verbal response in GCS?
5=Oriented 4=Confused 3=Words 2=Sounds 1=None
61
What are the 6 parts and grades of motor responses in GCS?
6=Obeys commands 5=Localizing 4=Normal flexion 3=Abnormal flexion 2=Extension 1=None
62
A corpse has a GCS of what?
3
63
A person AAOx4 has a GCS of what?
15
64
What does it mean to be obtunded?
Sleeps and once aroused has limited interactions with environment
65
What does it mean to be stuporous?
Requires stimulation to arouse
66
What does it mean to be in coma?
Vigorous stimulation but no response
67
What does it mean to be lethargic?
Awakens easily but limited responses
68
What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Autoimmune Attacks peripheral nervous system Demyelinization of nerves Produces rapid limb weakness Loss of DTR (deep tendon reflexes) Happens to males around 5 yo May originate as a viral infection or reaction to flu shot

Unit 5 (7 decks)

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