Pediatric Fitness Exam/Program

Question 1

Components of health related fitness

Answer 1

• cardiovascular and respiratory endurance
• muscular strength
• muscular endurance
• flexibility
• body composition

Question 2

Children who have obesity are more likely to have

Answer 2

• HTN and high cholesterol
• Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
• Breathing problems, such as asthma and sleep apnea.
• Musculoskeletal pain.
• Fatty liver disease, gallstones, and GERD

Question 3

childhood obesity is also related to:

Answer 3

• psychological problems (anxiety and depression)
• low self-esteem and lower self-reported QoL
• social problems such as bullying

Question 4

children who have obesity are more likely to become…

Answer 4

adults with obesity

Question 5

I dont know what slide 8 means

Answer 5

just roll with it

Question 6

Norm standards

Answer 6

• Created by gathering test results from a representative sample of individuals from a
  large group

Question 7

Criterion Standards

Answer 7

• Created by associating a specific level of fitness to a specific health outcome

Question 8

Highest variable of cardiorespiratory endurance interest?

Answer 8

VO2 Max

Question 9

reminder of what VO2 Max is

Answer 9

The highest rate of oxygen consumed by the body in a given time period during exercise of a significant portion of body muscle mass.

Question 10

Laboratory measurement of VO2 max

Answer 10

• Direct –Exercise to fatigue (self-imposed maximum)
• Indirect –Submaximal exercise

Question 11

Direct protocols: device

Answer 11

Treadmill or cycle ergometer
* Treadmill is preferred because requires more/larger muscle groups

Question 12

typical protocols:

Answer 12

systematically increase resistance, inclination, speed or height every 3 minutes until the child can no longer maintain activity

Question 13

When is VO2 Max achieved?

Answer 13

when an increase in power load is not accompanied by an
increase in VO2 (>2ml/Kg/min)
* Previous reports have indicated that only 5% children reach VO2 plateau during direct protocols

Question 14

Indirect/Submaximal Protocols: Device

Answer 14

treadmill, cycle ergometer, steps

Question 15

how is indirect aerobic testing performed?

Answer 15

• As opposed to spirometry, heart rate is typically used as an indirect measure
  of VO2max.
• W170 –an index of the mechanical power at a heart rate of 170 bpm (assumption is that power is linearly related to power at 170 bpm).
• Typical protocols (Adams Submaximal Progressive Continuous Cycling Test and
  The Modified 3-minute Step Test)

Question 16

Most common field measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance

Answer 16

• long distance runs of different structures
• estimation of peak O2 consumption based on performance (underestimation)

Question 17

Other ways to do cardiorespiratory endurance testing in the field

Answer 17

• Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance (PACER) Run –> A series of seven, 20-meter, runs of incrementally increased exercise intensity
• Step Test
• Squat Test

Question 18

Training cardiorespiratory endurance

Answer 18

• Activities require a prolonged, sustained demand on the cardiorespiratory
  system
• Training principles (frequency, intensity, duration) are similar to those for
  adults
• Questionable whether can have training effects on maximal aerobic power
  among pre-pubescent children

Question 19

Muscular strength testing

Answer 19

• max contractile force (isometric, isokinetic, isotonic)
• specific muscles are tested and whole body strength is extrapolated

Question 20

most common muscle groups

Answer 20

• hand grip
• elbow flex/ext
• knee flex/ ext
• ankle PF

Question 21

Age and gender effects on strength

Answer 21

• from 6-18 years
• males +500%
• females +300%

Question 22

Field measurements of muscle strength

Answer 22

Usually include movement of part or all of the body mass against gravity
* Flexed arm hang
* 90˚ push-up
* Curl-up
* Trunk lift

Question 23

is strength training in children good?

Answer 23

Positive outcomes of improved strength in youth continue to be acknowledged, including improvement in health, fitness, rehabilitation of injuries, injury reduction, and physical literacy.

Question 24

resistance training

Answer 24

Resistance training is not limited to lifting weights but includes a wide array of body weight movements that can be implemented at young ages to improve declining measures of muscular fitness among children and adolescents.

Question 25

gains in childhood strength are primarily attributed to....

Answer 25

neurologic mechanism of increases in motor neuron recruitment, allowing for increases in strength without resultant muscle hypertrophy

Question 26

in real people (not research terms), why is strength training good in childhood?

Answer 26

because it teaches them proper form and technique to develop correct neuromuscular recruitment for movement

Question 27

Training guidelines

Answer 27

- 10-15 min dynamic warm up and cool down - learn exercises first without a load - begin with 1-2 sets of 8-12 reps low resistance - progress to 2-4 sets of 6-12 reps with mod resistance

Question 28

what should young athletes be introduced to?

Answer 28

period phases of lower reps at a higher training intensity

Question 29

looks at the misconceptions slides if you want

Answer 29

I shall not

Question 30

lab testing of flexibility

Answer 30

ROM using goni

Question 31

field measurements of flexibility

Answer 31

sit and reach back saver sit and reach

Question 32

body composition

Answer 32

* Goal is to get a measure of fat-free or lean body mass * Gold standard: Chemical analysis --> Expensive and impractical

Question 33

body composition lab assessment techniques

Answer 33

* Densitometry * Total body water * Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) * Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Question 34

densiometry

Answer 34

* Underwater “hydrostatic” weighing * Divide an individuals actual body weight by their underwater weight * Assumption: densities of fat and lean body mass are constant * Gold-standard but difficult for children

Question 35

Total body water

Answer 35

* Used to estimate non-fat body mass * Premise: Fat does not bind water * A known dose of deuterated water (“heavy hydrogen”) is ingested * Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry is used to measure the deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in exhaled water vapor

Question 36

bioelectric impedance analysis

Answer 36

* Impedance to electrical flow varies in proportion to the amount of lean tissue present * Small (1-10μA) electrical current passes quickly through water in hydrated muscle and more slowly through fat

Question 37

Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry

Answer 37

* Measuring the body’s differential absorption of two low-dose x-rays at different energy levels (40 and 70 keV) * Unique elemental profiles of tissues (bone, fat, and nonbone lean tissue) allow for visualization and separate analysis of each tissue type

Question 38

skin fold thickness measurement placement

Answer 38

- triceps brachii - subscapular area - calf

Question 39

skin fold thickness measurement assumptions

Answer 39

* Subcutaneous fat layer reflects the total amount of fat in the body * The selected measurement sites reflect average thickness

Question 40

HIIT training

Answer 40

* Short, intense, bouts of exercise interspersed with brief rest periods * Short workout duration * Minimal to no equipment needed * Consider ≥8weeks - improves aerobic fitness but didnt reduce amount of abdominal and total body fat mass