Pediatric nutrition Flashcards
(38 cards)
Can breast milk cover all needs for infants? If so when?
Yes, breast milk can cover all needs for infants age 0 to 6 months, with the exception of vitamin D.
Name some advantages of feeding your infant breast milk.
Breast milk is cheap, hygienic and has the right temperature for the infant.
Breast milk is easily digested and therefor prevents the infant from getting constipated.
Formula fed infants might be harder to introduce to new foods.
What effect does garlic in the mother’s diet have on the breastfeeding?
Garlic in the mother’s diet prolongs the meals.
How many milliliters of breast milk / baby formula is needed to feed: a) an infant 0-3 months old? b) an infant 4-6 months old?
a) 150 ml/kg body weight per day.
b) 130 ml/kg body weight per day.
For how long is breastfeeding recommended?
For the first 12 months (and longer if the mother and baby feel happy with it.)
(For the first 6 months breastfeeding is recommended exclusively. Between the ages of 6 and 12 months breastfeeding is recommended as a supplement to solid foods.)
When is it advised to begin introduction to complementary foods in infants? Are the recommendations the same for breastfed and formula fed infants?
No earlier than 4 month (17 weeks).
No later than 6 months (26 weeks).
Yes, the recommendations are the same.
From what age is vitamin D supplementation advised in infants?
From week 4 of age (1 month).
Why is vitamin D supplementation advised in infants?
Vitamin D supports the absorption of calcium. It is therefore important to dental and skeletal health (preventing osteomalacia).
When breastfeeding is not possible, what other nutritional substitution can be used?
Human milk substitute formulas are the only approved nutritional substitution to breast milk.
When introducing an infant to solid foods, how should it be done?
Gradually - the infants interest sets the pace.
In small portions - about half a teaspoon.
Soft consistency - could be mixed with a bit of breast milk or formula, increased thickness before introducing lumpy foods.
When choosing a porridge for your infant what is important to remember?
Iron enrichment - If used, non-iron enriched porridge should only be used as taste variation. (Fruits rich in vitamin C can be served alongside the porridge to increase the uptake of iron.)
Gradual introduction to gluten - Corn or rise porridge should be used for the first taste portions.
Ready made porridge is advised and preferred.
What is the recommended daily iron intake for a baby?
8 mg.
Why is there a need to supplement breast milk with other sources of energy after 6 months of breastfeeding?
The energy and nutrient content of the breast milk will gradually decrease.
From what age can cow’s milk as a milk drink be introduced to a child’s diet? Why not earlier?
From 1 year of age.
Not earlier because cow’s milk is low in iron and has a higher content of proteins.
Name some foods that should not be introduced to the infant’s diet during the first year of life.
Honey.
Cow’s milk (as a milk drink).
Spinach, beet root, leaf celery, nettle and fennel.
Smoked and salted fish and meats. (Can only be given in very small portions.)
Fish liver, Svolvær- and Lofot-pate.
Salt. (The child has a limited ability to excrete salt.)
Products containing artificial sweeteners, such as diet sodas and chewing gum. (Should not be introduced until the age of 3 years.)
Rice milk and rice cookies. (Has a high content of inorganic arsenic and is therefore not suitable for children under the age of 6 years.)
Is it recommended that children drink cow’s milk (in Norway)? Why?
Yes, from the age of 1 year it is recommended that children drink three glasses (500-600 ml) of cow’s milk (or other dairy products, e.g. yogurt) daily.
Cow’s milk is recommended because of it’s calcium and protein content.
In short, for what purposes is energy used in children?
Maintenance, growth and activity.
How many kilocalories (Kcal) are there in a) 1 gram of protein? b) 1 gram of carbohydrates? c) 1 gram of fat?
a) 4 Kcal.
b) 4 Kcal.
c) 9 Kcal.
Name some sources of a) karbohydrates, b) proteins, c) fats.
a) Whole grain bread, cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.
b) Fish, meats, poultry, egg, milk, and legumes (soy beans).
c) Fatty fish, oils, soft margarine, nuts, avocado, and olives.
What does it mean that infants and toddler are able to self regulate their eating?
When the parents decide what to offer the child, it is capable of deciding how much to eat itself.
Which is the better indicator of adequate food intake: The child’s portion size or the child’s growth and development?
The child’s growth and development is the better indicator.
What should parents do if they notice there are day-to-day variations in their infant’s/toddler’s food intake?
Nothing. Day-to-day variations in food intake is normal and should be accepted.
What should be included when taking a nutritional history?
Meal routines: What is offered at what time? Are the meals regular? Is the child hungry when offered food? Is the food energy/nutrient dense? Is it a balanced diet?
What should a diet registry include?
A diet registry should be reflective of what the infant/toddler has eaten during a period of time (at least 3-7 subsequent days). Specific amounts and brands of the foods eaten are essential.
