Psychomotor development and growth

Question 1

What is considered normal birth weight?

Answer 1

2500-4500 g.

Question 2

What is average length at birth?

Answer 2

50 cm.

Question 3

What is average head circumference at birth?

Answer 3

35 cm.

Question 4

What is average weight at birth?

Answer 4

3500 g.

Question 5

What is anthropometry? What are central anthropometric measurements?

Answer 5

The study of human body measurements, such as length, weight, head circumference, and BMI.

Question 6

How is the body length measured in children over and under two years of age?

Answer 6

Lying down in a supine position in children < 2 years.

Standing up in children > 2 years.

Question 7

What are some basic factor effecting growth?

Answer 7

Genetics, hormones, illness, nutrition and psychosocial factors.

Question 8

When is there reason to be concerned about the development in a growth chart?

Answer 8

If there is crossing of two percentile lines (or more).

If the measurements are above the 97,5 percentile or below the 2,5 percentile.

Question 9

What is the median age for taking the first steps?

Answer 9

12 months.

Question 10

Is there cause for concern if a 19 month old child has not yet take it’s first steps?

Answer 10

Yes, the child has crossed the 97,5 %. Only 2,5 % of the general population take their first steps after 18 months of age.

Question 11

What are the five component of a developmental evaluation in children/adolescents?

Answer 11

1. Growth. Length, weight, head circumference, puberty, etc.
2. Motor skills. Pattern of movements, reflexes and tonus.
3. Senses. Hearing and vision.
4. Mental development. Social abilities, communication and language.
5. Natural functions. Urination, defecation and menstruation in puberty.

Question 12

What does gross motor include?

Answer 12

Gross motor skills.
Primitive reflexes.
Postural responses.

Question 13

What is normal gross motor for a 0-6 weeks old baby?

Answer 13

Generally flexed position.

Complete head lag.

Question 14

By what age should the head lag disappear?

Answer 14

3-4 months.

Question 15

In a prone position, how can a 6 week-old, 3-4 month-old, and a 6 month-old lift their head and upper body?

Answer 15

6 week-old: Raises their head 45 degrees.
3-4 month-old: Lifts head and shoulders with weight on forearms.
6 month-old: Lifts head and chest off the ground expending the arms.

Question 16

At what age should a child be able to stand with support?

Answer 16

6 months.

Question 17

What is a bottom shuffle? Is there cause for concern if your child is bottom shuffling rather than crawling?

Answer 17

Bottom-shuffling babies sit on their bottoms and move themselves around using their legs, and sometimes their arms to propel themselves, rather than crawling. No, bottom shuffling is normal.

Question 18

What are normal locomotor patterns before learning how to walk?

Answer 18

Commando crawling, crawling on all fours or bottom shuffling.

Question 19

When is there cause for concern i relation to primitive reflexes?

Answer 19

If the reflexes persist longer than usual.
If normal reflexes are absent.
If there is asymmetry.
If the reflexes are exaggerated.

Question 20

When is it normal for the child to have a sucking reflex?

Answer 20

Age 0 until 3 months.

Question 21

When is it normal for the child to have a palmar grasp reflex?

Answer 21

Age 0 until 4 months.

Question 22

When is it normal for the child to have a plantar grasp reflex?

Answer 22

Age 0 until 1 year.

Question 23

When is it normal for the child to have the MORO reflex?

Answer 23

Age 0 until 4 months.

Question 24

When is it normal for the child to have a asymmetric tonic neck reflex?

Answer 24

1 month until 7 months.

Question 25

When is it normal for the child to have a stepping reflex?

Answer 25

Age 0 until 2 months.

Question 26

At what age should be Babinsky reflex “go down”?

Answer 26

1 years.

Question 27

When is it normal for the child to have a parachute reflex?

Answer 27

From 9-11 months. It is a persisting reflex.

Question 28

When is it normal for the child to have a Landau reflex?

Answer 28

From 3-6 months and until 1 years.

Question 29

When is it normal for the child to have a lateral support reflex?

Answer 29

From 7 months. It is a persisting reflex.

Question 30

By what ages should a child be able to use a palmar grip, transfer toys from one hand to the other and use a mature pincer grip?

Answer 30

Palmar grip, by age 6 months.
Transfer of toys, by age 7 months.
Mature pincer grip, bu age 10 months.

Question 31

Is it normal for a 12 month old child to be able to make marker with a crayon?

Answer 31

No, this fine motor skills is usually obtain by 16-18 months of age.

Question 32

What is normal verbal development for a 12 month old child?

Answer 32

Use of 2-3 other words than “mama” and/or “dada”.

Question 33

What is normal verbal development for a 3-4 month old child?

Answer 33

Vocalizing alone or when spoken to, cooing and laughing.

Question 34

At what age is it normal for a child to start turning towards sounds out of sight?

Answer 34

6-7 months.

Question 35

At what age is it normal for a child to be able to follow a moving object, 180 degrees, with it’s eyes?

Answer 35

6 months.

Question 36

At what age is it normal for a child to start waving “bye-bye” and/or playing peek-a-boo?

Answer 36

By 10-12 months of age.

Question 37

At what age is it common that children stop bedwetting?

Answer 37

At an age of 5-7 years.

Question 38

At what age is it expected that a child has obtain bowel control?

Answer 38

At 4 years of age.

Question 39

1-2 % of school children has passage of

stools in inappropriate places. What is the most common cause?

Answer 39

Functional constipation.

Question 40

When is there reason to worry about a child’s development at any age?

Answer 40

Parental concern.
Hypotonia.
Regression in previously acquired skills.
Persistent primitive reflexes.

Question 41

Name some causes of motor developmental delay.

Answer 41

Normal variants, neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy and neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne.

Question 42

Name some causes of delay in communication development.

Answer 42

Hearing disorder, visual disorder, lack of stimulation, articulation defect and autism.

Question 43

Name some causes of global developmental delay.

Answer 43

Genetic low intelligence, lack of stimulation, chronic illness, genetic disorder such as Down’s or a metabolic disorder, prematurity, birth asphyxia, hypothyroidism and neurological insult such as trauma or meningitis.