Pediatrics Charts

Question 1

skin rash found in newborns and infants: common yellow or white pustules that are surrounded by a red base

Answer 1

erythema toxicum

Question 2

skin rash found in newborns and infants: red pustules and papules are most prominent over the cheeks and nose of some normal newborns

Answer 2

neonatal acne

Question 3

skin rash found in newborns and infants: the salmon red, scaly eruption often involves the face, neck, axilla, diaper area, and behind the ears

Answer 3

seborrhea

Question 4

skin rash found in newborns and infants: erythema, scaling, dry skin, and intense itching. Found on flexor surfaces

Answer 4

atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Question 5

skin rash found in newborns and infants: more than 5 cafe au lait spots and axillary freckling. Later findings include neurobribromas and Lish nodules

Answer 5

neurofibromatosis

Question 6

skin rash found in newborns and infants: this bright red rash involves the intertriginous folds, with the small “satellite lesions” along the edges

Answer 6

candidal diaper dermatitis

Question 7

skin rash found in newborns and infants: this irritant rash is secondary to diarrhea or irritation and is noted along contact areas

Answer 7

contact diaper dermatitis

Question 8

skin rash found in newborns and infants: this infection is due to bacteria and can appear bullous or crusty and yellowed with some pus (honey crusted yellow)

Answer 8

impetigo

Question 9

what is the most common dysrhythmia in children?

Answer 9

paraoxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Question 10

what do infants with paraoxysmal supraventricular tachycardia present with?

Answer 10

some may look well or may be somewhat pale with tachypnea, but have a heart rate of greater than or equal to 240 beats per minute. Others are ill and in cardiovascular collapse. This requires medial therapy for conversion to normal rate and rhythm.

Question 11

childhood hypertension is typically more likely to have what kind of causes?

Answer 11

renal, cardiac, or endocrine causes

Question 12

in children: dry rough warts on hands

Answer 12

verruca vulgaris

Question 13

in children: small, flat warts

Answer 13

verruca plana

Question 14

in children: tender warts on feet

Answer 14

plantar warts

Question 15

in children: dome-shaped fleshy lesions

Answer 15

molluscum contagiosum

Question 16

open and closed comedones and inflamed pustules

Answer 16

acne

Question 17

intensely pruritic, red, distinct papules characterize these lesions

Answer 17

bites

Question 18

scaling, crusting, and hair loss are seen in the scalp, along with painful plaque and occipital lymph node

Answer 18

tinea capitis

Question 19

this pruritic, allergic sensitivity reaction changes shapes quickly

Answer 19

urticaria (hives)

Question 20

intensely itchy papules and vesicles, sometimes burrows, most often on extremities

Answer 20

scabies

Question 21

this annular lesion has central clearing and papules along the border

Answer 21

tinea corporis

Question 22

oval lesions on trunk sometimes with a herald patch

Answer 22

pityriasis rosea

Question 23

appears within the first 24 hours from subperiosteal hermorrhage involving the outer table of one of the cranial bone. It is swelling, that is initially soft, and then develops a raised bony margin within a few days from calcium deposits at the edge of the periosteum. It tends to resolve within a few weeks

Answer 23

cephalohematoma

Question 24

anterior fontanelle is bulging and the eyes may be deviated downward, revealing the upper scleras and creating the “setting sun” sign. This sign is also seen briefly in some normal newborns

Answer 24

hydrocephalus

Question 25

this is a condition of premature closure of one or more sutures of the skull. This results in an abnormal growth and shape of the skull because growth will occur across sutures that are not affected but not across sutures that are affected.

Answer 25

craniosynostosis

Question 26

which types of craniosynostosis are most common?

Answer 26

scaphocephaly and frontal plagiocephaly (see page 881 in bates for pictures)

Question 27

babies born to women with chronic alcoholism are at increased risk for growth deficiency, microcephaly, and mental retardation.

Answer 27

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 28

Facial characteristics of this disease include short palpebral fissures, a wide and flattened philtrum (vertical groove in midline of upper lip) and thin lips

Answer 28

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 29

children with this disease have coarse facial features, a low-set hair line, sparse eyebrows, and an enlarged tongue. Children with this have no physical stigmata

Answer 29

congenital hypothryoidism

Question 30

What are some associated features with congenital hypothryoidism?

Answer 30

associated features with this disease include a hoarse cry, umbilical hernia, dry and cold extremities, myxedema, mottled skin,and mental retardation.

Question 31

in utero infection caused by treponema pallidum usually occurs after 16 weeks gestation and affects virtually all of the fetal's organs. If this condition isn't treated, 25% of infected babies die before birth and another 30% shortly after

Answer 31

congenital syphilis

Question 32

facial stigmata of congenital syphilis include what?

Answer 32

bulging of the frontal bones and nasal bridge depression (saddle nose), both from periostitis; rhinitis from weeping nasal mucosal lesions (snuffles); and a circumoral rash. Mucocutaneous inflammation and fissuring of the mouth and lips, craniotabes tibial periostitis, and dental dysplasia may also occur

Question 33

peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve may be from?

Answer 33

1. an injury to the nerve from pressure during labor and birth 2. inflammation of the middle ear branch of the nerve during episodes of acute or chronic otitis media 3. unknown causes (bell's palsy).

Question 34

The nasolabial fold on the affected left side is flattened and the does not close in what condition?

Answer 34

facial nerve palsy (nerve paralysis)

Question 35

What does a child with down syndrome typically present with? (trisomy 21)

Answer 35

usually has a small, rounded head, a flattened nasal bridge, oblique palpebral fissures, prominent epicanthal folds, small, low-set, shell-like ears, and a relatively large tongue.

Question 36

how does a battered child typically present?

Answer 36

may have old and fresh bruises on the head and face and may either look sad and forlorn or be actively seeking to please, sometimes even particularly involved with and attentive to the abusing parent.

Question 37

A child suffering from this disease has an open mouth (can't breathe through the nose) and edema and discoloration of the lower orbitopalpebral grooves (allergic shiners).

Answer 37

Periennial allergic rhinitis

Question 38

A child who often pushes his/her nose upward and backward with a hand (allergic sallute) and grimaces (wrinkle the nose and mouth) to relieve nasal itching and obstruction

Answer 38

periennial allergic rhinitis

Question 39

what do effected children with thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease- hyperthyroidism) present with?

Answer 39

exhibit hypermetabolism and accelerated linear growth. They have "staring" eyes but not true exopthalmos, and has an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter).

Question 40

abnormal speckling spots on the iris that suggest down syndrome

Answer 40

brushfield's spots

Question 41

misalignment of the eyes that can lead to visual impairment.

Answer 41

strabismus

Question 42

esotropia

Answer 42

inward deviation of eye

Question 43

what is one of the most common conditions in young children

Answer 43

otitis media

Question 44

red, distorted, bulging tympanic membrane in a highly symptomatic child. Can present with bullae formation and fluid visible behind the tympanic membrane

Answer 44

acute otitis media

Question 45

yellowish fluid behind a retracted and thicken tympanic membrane

Answer 45

otitis media with effusion

Question 46

common infection in infants. Presents with white plaques in the mouth that do not rub off

Answer 46

oral candidiases (thrush)

Question 47

tender ulcerations on the oral mucosa that are surrounded by erythema

Answer 47

herpetic stomatitis

Question 48

this is a major global health and pediatric problem

Answer 48

dental caries

Question 49

what causes can lead to staining of the teeth in children?

Answer 49

intrinsic stains such as tetracycline or extrinsic stains such as poor oral hygiene.

Question 50

True or False: Extrinsic stains on teeth cannot be removed

Answer 50

FALSE

Question 51

classically presents with erythema of the posterior pharynx and palatal petechiae. A foul smelling exudate is also commonly found

Answer 51

streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)

Question 52

enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes typically caused by viral and bacterial infections. It can be bilateral

Answer 52

lymphadenopathy

Question 53

total anomalous pulmonary venous return and an oxygen saturation of level of 80%

Answer 53

Generalized cyanosis

Question 54

mild cyanosis above the lips, but the mucous membranes remains pink

Answer 54

perioral cyanosis

Question 55

normal pigment deposition in the vermilion border of the lips gives them a bluish hue, but mucous membranes are pink

Answer 55

bluish lips, giving appearance of cyanosis

Question 56

commonly found on the feet and hands of babies shortly after birth.

Answer 56

acrocyanosis

Question 57

usually a normal valve anulus with fusion or some or most of the valve leaflets, restricting flow across the valve

Answer 57

pulmonary valve stenosis

Question 58

usually a bicupsid valve with progressive obstruction, but there may be a dysplastic valve or damage from rheumatic fevere or degenerative disease

Answer 58

aortic valve stenosis

Question 59

complex defect with ventricular septal defect, infundibular and usually valvular right ventricular outflow obstruction, malrotation of the aorta, and right-to-left shunting at ventricular septal level

Answer 59

tetralogy of fallot

Question 60

a severe defect with failure of rotation of the great vessels, leaving the aorta to arise from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle

Answer 60

transposition of the great arteries

Question 61

blood going from a high-pressured left ventricle through a defect in the septum to the lower-pressured right ventricle creates turbulence, usually throughout systole

Answer 61

ventricular septal defect

Question 62

continuous flow from aorta to pulmonary artery throughout the cardiac cycle when ductus arteriosus does not close after birth

Answer 62

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 63

left-to right shunt though an opening in the atrial septum possible at various levels

Answer 63

atrial septal defect

Question 64

physical signs of possible sexual abuse:

Answer 64

1. Marked and immediate dilation of the anus in knee-chest position, with no constipation, stool in the vault, or neurologic disorders. 2. hymental notch or cleft that extends > 50% of the inferior hymenal rim (confirmed knee-chest position) 3. condyloma acuminata in a child older than 3 4. bruising, abrasions, lacerations, or bite marks of labia or perihymenal tissue 5. herpes of the anogenital area beyond the neonatal period 6. purulent or malodorous vaginal discharge in a young girl (culture and view all discharges under a microscope for evidence of STI)

Question 65

Strong indications of sexual abuse:

Answer 65

1. lacerations, ecchymoses, and newly healed scars of the hymen or the posterior fourchette. 2. no hymenal tissue from 3 to 9 o clock (confirmed in various positions) 3. healed hymenal transections, especially between 3 and 9 o clock (complete cleft) 4. perianal lacerations extending to external sphincter

Question 66

most common congenital penile abnormality. The urethral meatus opens abnormally on the ventral surface of the penis.

Answer 66

hypospadias.

Question 67

common musculoskeletal findings in young children

Answer 67

1. flat feet 2. inversion of the foot 3. metatarsus adductus. The forefoot is adducted and not inverted