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Pediatrics of Dogs & Cats Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the neonatal developmental stages?

A

neonatal period (birth-2 weeks)

Transitional period (2-4 weeks)

Socialization period (4-12 weeks)

Juvenile period (12 weeks-puberty)

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2
Q

What are the three most common neonatal issues?

A

hypothermia

hypoglycemia

sepsis

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3
Q

What is the TPR of a healthy neonate?

A

< 4 weeks of age

T= 96-97 F

P= >220 bpm

R= 15-35 bpm (regular rhythm*)

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4
Q

By two weeks of age, how much should the neonates weight be? What is the typical weight gain rates?

A

2x the weight at birth

Dogs: 2-4 g/d/kg of adult weight

Kitten: (~100 g) gain 10-15 g/day

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5
Q

What measure can be used to predict survival in neonates?

A

weight gain

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6
Q

What measures can be used to assess dehydration in neonates? Which measures cannot be used and why?

A

MM dryness, USG when they age

Skin turgor (neonates 75% water, non-cornified skin, can’t concentrate urine)

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7
Q

When do eyelids open?

A

10-14 days

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8
Q

When is the menace reflex and vision intact?

A

Menace reflex- 3 weeks

normal vision- 3-4 weeks

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9
Q

When do the ear canals open?

A

14 days

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10
Q

When do the teeth erupt?

A

3-4 weeks

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11
Q

Compared to an adult, are the BP, SV, CO, CVP, PVR higher or lower?

A

Low: BP, SV, PVR

High: CO, CVP

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12
Q

Auscultating a sinus arrhythmia is abnormal in neonates until what age?

A

6 weeks

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13
Q

You auscultate a soft murmur at the left cardiac heart base in a neonate. Is this normal?

A

Yes- functional murmur until >3 mo than want to assess as abnormal

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14
Q

When do kittens/pups develop postural rxns (non-visual placing, visual placing, walking)?

A

non-visual placing: 2-3 days

visual placing: 2-3 weeks

walking: 3-4 weeks to 6 wks

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15
Q

How long is the suckling reflex & anogenital reflex ( make them pee/poop w/ stimulation of anal region) intact?

A

birth - 3-4 wks

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16
Q

By what age do nursed pups/kittens have an adequate response to vaccination? What about non-nursed pups/kittens?

A

Nursed: 10-16 weeks

Non-nursed: 2-8 weeks

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17
Q

How long are the reference values for neonates different than adults?

A

first 4 months

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18
Q

When taking radiographs on a neonate, what parts of the technique need to be modified?

A

decr. kvp to 1/2 adult at same thickness

high detail intensifying screens

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19
Q

When should solid food first be provided to neonates?

When should the neonates be weaned?

A

3 weeks

6-8 weeks

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20
Q

What is the most common problem affecting neonates?

A

husbandry aka poor nutrition, hypothermia

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21
Q

When rearing orphan pups/kittens, what should the temperature be at for the first week? For the next 3 weeks?

A

1st week: 86-90F

Next 3 weeks: gradually decrease to 75F

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22
Q

How often should orphans be fed?

A

3-4 times daily

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23
Q

What are the complications associated with feeding orphans?

A

malnutrition

diarrhea

dehydration

hypothermia

hypothermia

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24
Q

What is the max time that formula can be stored?

A

48 hrs

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25
What type of bacteria is often the cause of neonatal sepsis?
gram negative bacteria
26
If a 3 day old kitten presents for sepsis, which of these routes did it NOT likely acquire the infection? GI or peritoneal Respiratory UTI skins or wound
UTI (more common around 3-4 weeks)
27
What are the management principles for a septic neonate?
keep warm Fluids Abx (b-lactam antimicrobial agents) O2 Glucose monitor (check weight 2-3 times daily)
28
Common causes of fading syndrome?
trauma neonatal isoerythrolysis Infectious (bacterial, viral) Misc (fungal, parasites, fatty liver syndrome)
29
How often should kittens/pups be weighed after birth?
at 12 hours Then q 24 hrs for the first two weeks
30
What is the difference in weight expected for nursing puppies vs. puppies fed formula?
nursing: double weight in 10 days formula: double weight in 14 days
31
When are deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
14 weeks-6 months
32
During what age should a full orthopedic exam in large breed puppies be performed?
2-6 months
33
You auscultate a murmur (Grade V/VI) with a precordial thrill and an abnormal arterial/venous pulse. What is the likely cause of this murmur?
congenital dz
34
By what time should the testicles be descended in a puppy/kitten?
4-8 weeks of age
35
When can an animal be diagnosed at a cryptorchid?
\>16 weeks of age
36
By what time will kittens vs. puppies stand and then walk?
Stand: kitten=10d, puppy=14d Walk: by day 21
37
Puppies/kittens cannot regulate their blood pressure until what age?
2 weeks of age
38
If the cross extensor reflex extends beyond 1-2 weeks of age, what does this indicate?
upper motor neuron disease
39
If the neonate is healthy, it should not be brought into the vet clinic until what age? What should be assessed at that first visit?
6 weeks parasite load, HW prevention started, vaccinations started
40
Why does sepsis often result in a rapid neutropenia in neonates?
poor marrow reserves
41
What chemistry values of often elevated in neonates?
ALP, P BUN high end of normal for first 7 days
42
What is the BAER test used for? At what age do we test?
Brainstem auditory evoked response Used to test hearing \>6wks & negative= congenital deafness
43
What is the difference between the ERG & VER? When do we use these tests (what age)?
ERG= electroretinography, 5-10 weeks VER= visual evokes response, 6-10 wks
44
During the growth stage after weaning, how often should pups/kits be fed?
3 times/day or free feed
45
What laboratory findings are commonly seen with neonatal sepsis?
normochromic, normocytic anemia TCP mild-mod neutrophilia w/ L-shift +/- hypoglycemia
46
When administering abx to a septic neonate, how much should the dose be decreased by compared to the adult dosage?
30-50%
47
When do you want to supplement for K?
when serum K \<2.5 mEq/L
48
What blood type is the queen and kitten usually with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Queen: Type B Kittens: Type A Anti-A Ab attack kittens RBC
49
A kitten has no other abnormal signs besides tail-tip necrosis. What could be the possible cause?
neonatal isoerythrolysis
50
What viruses are associated with neonatal sepsis?
parvovirus coronavirus herpesvirus adenovirus calicivirus retrovirus morbillivirus
51
When do most pups die in the early neonatal period?
9th-14th day of life
52
In breeding establishments, what is usually the best way to determine the DX for fading pup/kitten syndrome?
necropsy
53
If a dog has a single PSS vs. many, what is the more likely cause (congenital or acquired)?
congenital - single PSS acquires- many
54
When do dogs with PSS typically show signs?
6-8 weeks
55
A puppy presents with V/D, small stature, PD/PP, hypersalivation. Likely DDX?
PSS
56
In which breeds of kittens is PSS common?
Himalayans Persian Mix-breed cats
57
What is the difference in clinical signs exhibited by pups vs. kits with PSS?
pups- systemic signs (V/D, PD, PP) Kits- hypersalivation & CNS signs (ataxia, tremors) Common- small stature, thin, unkempt
58
What is the most reliable test for PSS?
bile acids (pre/post fasting)
59
How to medical manage PSS?
restricted protein diet food contianing milk protein small meals (decrease undigested food fermented by bacteria and produce ammonia) manipulate intestinal flora (lactulose, neomycin/metro)
60
In which breed is congenital hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia possibly inherited?
Cairn terriers
61
An older puppy presents with elevated bile acids, but no other imaging abnormality. Likely DDX?
congenital hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia
62
Which infectious causes are associated with pancreatic disease?
CN parvo effusive form of FIP in cats
63
In which breeds is renal dysplasia a familial disorder?
Lhasa apso Shih Tzu Soft-coated wheaten terrier Standard poodle
64
Which virus in CN and FE is associated with renal dysplasia?
CN= herpesvirus FE= panleukopenia virus
65
A 2 yr old terrier presents with soft pliable mandibles. Top DDX?
CRF possibly d/t renal dysplasia
66
What are the primary lesions suggesting renal dysplasia?
1. fetal/immature glomeruli/tubules 2. persistent mesenchyme 3. persistent metanephric ducts 4. atypical tubular epithelium 5. dysontogenic metaplasia
67
What is the hallmark sign of glomerular disease?
proteinuria
68
What are the cardinal signs of DI?
excessive thirst (\>100 ml/kg/d) voiding excessive urine (\>50 ml/kg/d)
69

Small Animal Medicine (7 decks)

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