PEDS BOOK CH 3 Flashcards
At what age would the nurse expect an infant to be able to say “mama” and “dada” with meaning?
10 months
At 10 months of age, infants say sounds with meaning. Consonants, such as n, k, g, p, and b, are made by an infant at 4 months of age. Babbling resembling one-syllable sounds occurs at 6 months of age. Age 14 months is late for the development of sounds with meaning. Between the age of 1 and 2 years, the number of words should increase from approximately 4 words to 300 words.
A nurse is knowledgeable about both growth and development. Which assessment finding indicates the child’s development is on target?
CORRECT
The child can throw a large ball but not a small ball.
Development is continuous and proceeds from gross to refined, so children whose development is on target can usually throw large objects before small ones. Not gaining weight for 3 months is an abnormal assessment finding; it would indicate that the child’s development may not be on target. In children, the legs are normally the most rapidly growing part of the body; if this is not the case, the child’s development may not be on target. A child whose development is on target can sit steadily before pulling herself or himself up to her or his feet.
Which characteristic best describes the fine motor skills of a 5-month-old infant?
Able to grasp an object voluntarily
The ability to grasp objects voluntarily is an appropriate fine motor skill for a 5-month-old infant. Transferring objects from one hand to another is an appropriate fine motor skill for a 7-month-old. A crude pincer grasp is an appropriate fine motor skill for an 8- to 9-month-old. The ability to build a tower of two cubes is an appropriate fine motor skill for a 15-month-old.
During a well-baby visit, the parents of a 12-month-old ask the nurse for advice on age-appropriate toys for their child. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of developmental levels, the most appropriate toys to suggest are
push-pull toys.
pop-up toy such as Jack-in-the-box.
toys that pop apart and go back together.
Both gross and fine motor skills are becoming more developed and children at this age enjoy toys that can help refine these skills. Children at this age enjoy more colorful toys. Children at this age are less interested in placing toys in the mouth and more interested in toys that can be manipulated.
According to Piaget, at what stage of development do children typically solve problems through trial and error?
CORRECT
Sensorimotor stage
During the sensorimotor stage, infants and young toddlers develop a sense of cause and effect. Relational problem solving is characteristic of the preoperational stage. Adolescents, in the formal operations stage, can test hypotheses. Children in the concrete operations stage solve problems in a tangible, systematic fashion.
The parent of a 12-month-old says to the nurse, “He pushes the teaspoon right out of my hand when I feed him. I can’t let him feed himself; he makes too much mess.” The most appropriate response by the nurse is
“He is at the age when he should begin to feed himself. Let’s think of ways to make the mess more tolerable.”
At 12 months, children should be self-feeding. Because they eat primarily finger foods, providing some concrete strategies for the parent as to how to minimize the mess would be helpful. The child is developmentally ready for self-feeding, and his behavior reflects his desire to be autonomous. Most infants begin self-feeding with finger foods, so the use of a spoon is generally not required, limiting the “mess.” “It’s important to let him make a mess. Just don’t worry about it so much.” minimizes the parents’ concerns about the mess created by self-feeding, blocks communication, and misses a teaching–learning opportunity.
At what age would a child demonstrate the ability to understand the concept of compromise as related to social play interactions?
5 to 6 of age
Typically, when a child reaches 5 to 6 years of age, they have an understanding of compromise or arbitration based on their respective past experiences. This concept is not well understood at an earlier age such as 2 years of age. Although each child is an individual and is influenced by their environment, the concept of compromise is usually seen by the age of 5 to 6 years of age. Through continued interaction with peers, the concept of compromise is integrated. This should be present well before 10 years of age.
In terms of genetic presentations, if a disease pattern exists without known correlation of symptoms, this would be characterized as a
association.
An association represents unrelated symptoms that are not identified by a single event or occurrence. A syndrome represents symptoms that are associated with a single defining event. A sequence represents numerous anomalies that are a consequence of a single defining event. A mutation represents an alteration in a genetic sequence that can lead to problems or symptoms.
A nurse is discussing various developmental theories at a parenting class. Which individual is associated with the moral development theory?
Kohlberg
Kohlberg developed the theory of moral development sequence for children. It includes how children acquire moral reasoning and is based on cognitive developmental theory. Erikson developed the theory of psychosocial development. Fowler developed the theory of spiritual development. Freud developed the theory of psychosexual development.
During their school-age years, children best understand concepts that can be seen or illustrated. The nurse knows this type of thinking is termed as
CORRECT
concrete operations.
Black-and-white reasoning involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there are additional options. Preoperational thinking is concrete and tangible. During the school-age years, children deal with thoughts and learn through observation. They do not have the ability to do abstract reasoning and learn best with illustration. Thought at this time is dominated by what the school-age child can see, hear, or otherwise experience. School-age rhetoric simply refers to the type of ideas that arise out of the years children attend school. Formal operations are characterized by the adaptability and flexibility that occurs during the adolescent years.
The nurse is observing a child who appears to be daydreaming while seated in a chair in the clinic waiting for her scheduled appointment with her mother. This behavior is noted as being an example of
unoccupied behavior.
This type of behavior pattern represents a child who is focusing on something of interest and is considered a normal response. Pretend or dramatic play would be more symbolic and representative of an action. Skill play would involve the child demonstrating some action or motion.
A nurse is examining a toddler and is discussing with the mother psychosocial development according to Erikson’s theories. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of Erikson, the most age-appropriate activity to suggest to the mother at this stage is to
allow the toddler to start making choices about what to wear.
A toddler is developing autonomy and is able to start making some choices about what he or she can wear. A toddler would not want the mother to feed him or her. The child is at the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, as defined by Erikson. At this age, the mother should provide opportunities for the child to be active and learn by experience and imitation. Providing toys the child can control will help achieve this stage. A toddler might easily become overstimulated by images from TV and loud sounds. Toddlers are more interested in manipulating and learning from objects in the environment.
A nurse is examining a toddler and is discussing with the mother psychosocial development according to Erikson’s theories. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of Erikson, the most age-appropriate activity to suggest to the mother at this stage is to
allow the toddler to start making choices about what to wear.
A toddler is developing autonomy and is able to start making some choices about what he or she can wear. A toddler would not want the mother to feed him or her. The child is at the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, as defined by Erikson. At this age, the mother should provide opportunities for the child to be active and learn by experience and imitation. Providing toys the child can control will help achieve this stage. A toddler might easily become overstimulated by images from TV and loud sounds. Toddlers are more interested in manipulating and learning from objects in the environment.
Parents are often confused by the terms growth and development and use the terms interchangeably. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of growth and development, the most appropriate explanation of development is
a child learns to throw a ball overhand.
Development is the mental and cognitive attainment of skills as noted by the ability of a child to learn to throw a ball overhand. The other options refer to growth which is the increase in physical size both height and weight.
Which statements provides the best description of parallel play?
One child playing with his truck while another child plays with a car while seated on the floor.
Three children playing each playing with a deck of cards but performing different actions with the respective deck of cards.
Parallel play represents children who are playing with similar toys but are not directly engaged in playing with them together. Their actions may be similar but they are not identical and there is no verbal/direct interaction during the course of play. Two children playing checkers together are interacting as are the two children playing with dolls while a third child interacts with them.
