Peds: Endocrine

Question 1

What are the 3 major S/S of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 1

polyuria

thirst

weight loss

Question 2

What is metabolic syndrome?

(5 factors)

Answer 2

central obesity: waist circumference > 88cm (35”) in women, > 102cm (40”) in men

hyperglycemia: FBS > 110 mg/dL

HTN: BP > 135/85

elevated trig: > 150 mg/dL

decreased HDL: <40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women

Question 3

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 3

auto-immune mediated w/ presence of islet cell antibodies

causes destruction of beta cells

Question 4

What is a common complication of untreated type 1 diabetes?

Answer 4

DKA

Question 5

What are some symptoms of DKA?

Answer 5

abdominal pain

nausea

vomiting

Question 6

What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 6

insulin

diet

exercise

manage stress

monitoring

Question 7

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 7

combination of insulin resistance & defect of beta cells to secrete adequate insulin in response to glucose

decreased insulin production (destruction of beta cells)

Question 8

What is the treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 8

lifestyle modification

Metformin is first line medication

Question 9

What is excessive GH release almost always from?

Answer 9

pituitary adenoma

Question 10

What is gigantism?

Answer 10

if there is excessive GH before closure of epiphyses

Question 11

What is acromegaly?

Answer 11

if excessive GH release is after epiphyseal closure

Question 12

How is GH secreted?

Answer 12

in a pulsatile fashion

Question 13

What are some S/S of GH deficiency?

Answer 13

decreased growth velocity & delayed skeletale maturation in the absence of other explanations

subnormal growth velocity

may have excess truncal adiposity

Question 14

What is the treatment for GH deficiency?

Answer 14

GH therapy

Question 15

What are some S/S of hypothyroidism?

Answer 15

growth retardation

decreased physical activity

weight gain

constipation

dry skin

cold intolerance

delayed puberty

Question 16

What are some S/S of neonates with hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

thick tongue

large fontanel

poor muscle tone

hoarseness

umbilical hernia

jaundice

Question 17

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

Answer 17

TSH levels are elevated in primary hypothyroidism

T4/T3 resin uptake are low

Question 18

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

thyroid hormone (levothyroxine)

Question 19

What does early detection of congenital hypothyroidism prevent?

Answer 19

cretinism

Question 20

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

graves disease

Question 21

What are some S/S of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

nervousness

emotional lability

hyperactivity

fatigue

tremor

palpitations

excessive appetite

weight loss

increased perspiration

heat intolerance

Question 22

What are some S/S of graves disease?

Answer 22

goiter

exophthalmos

tachycardia

widened pulse pressure

systolic hypertension

weakness

smooth/moist/warm skin

Question 23

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

Answer 23

TSH levels are suppressed

T3/T4 levels elevated

Question 24

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 24

beta blockers

PTU/Methimaxole

radiation therapy

surgery

Question 25

What is the hallmark of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 25

low ionized calcium

Question 26

What are some S/S of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 26

tetany w/ facial & extremity numbness, tingling cramps/spontaneous muscle contractures, carpopedal spasm, LOC, convulsions diarrhea, QT prolongation, laryngospasm defective nails & teeth, cataracts, hyperactive reflexes

Question 27

What are 2 signs to test in hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 27

Chvostek's sign Trousseau's sign

Question 28

What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 28

replace calcium vit D supplementation

Question 29

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 29

limited hormone production from adrenal glands

Question 30

What are some S/S of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 30

salt-wasting, electrolyte disorders, dehydration infant girls have genital ambiguity but have normal ovaries & uterus infant boys may appear normal

Question 31

What levels should be assess to diagnose congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 31

cortisol aldosterone

Question 32

What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 32

glucocorticoids (need to replace cortisol & aldosterone) GNRH agonist

Question 33

What are some S/S of androgen insensitivity?

Answer 33

individuals have female external genitalia w/ short, blind-ending vagina gonads are located either intra-abdominally or in the inguinal canal

Question 34

How is androgen insensitivity diagnosed?

Answer 34

genetic testing ultrasound (look for uterus/ovaries) androgen levels

Question 35

What is the treatment for androgen insensitivity?

Answer 35

surgery hormone replacement