Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Peds/OB > PEDS exam 4 > Flashcards

PEDS exam 4 Flashcards

(138 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Ambylopia

A

lazy eye
poor visual development that leads to reduced visual acuity in one eye or blindness in one or both eyes if not corrected
-can be caused by strabismus, trauma, cataracts, ptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

strabismus

A

misalignment of eyes where eye either turn inward (estropia) or outward (exotropia)
causes diplopia and asymmetric corneal light reflex
patch or surgery to correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
Sees distant clearly, not objects that are close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
-close objects clearly, distant objects not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How far away is the child from the snellen or tumbling E chart for a vision test?

A

10 feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to conduct vision test on a child

A

10 ft away
-start at bottom first until they pass (4/6)
-then start at top and move down until they do not pass the line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vision test-misalignment

A

Cover test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Color vision test

A

Ishihara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The three vision test

A

Cover test
Peripheral vision test
Color vision test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ambylopia- therapeutic management

A

-eye patch (over strong eye to encourage brain to use weaker one)
-corrective lenses(encourage)
-atropine eye drops (dilate strong eye to encourage more use of weak eye)
-surgery
-eye exams more frequent due to developing eye monitor for signs visual changes (HA, squinting, dizziness, constant removal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hearing loss types

A

conductive, sensorineural, mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hearing loss signs by age

A

infant-no startle to noises
young child- communicates needs through gestures
older child-often asks for statement to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Etiology of hearing loss types-conductive

A

transmission of sound through middle ear disrupted (i.e. frequent infections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Etiology of hearing loss types-sensorineural

A

damage to hair cells in cochlea or along auditory pathway (i.e. ototoxic med, meningitis, CMV, rubella, excessive noise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Etiology of hearing loss types-mixed

A

attributed to both conductive and sensorineural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Infantile glaucoma

A

autosomal recessive disorder
-vision loss result of retinal scarring and optic nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Patho infantile glaucoma

A

obstruction of aqueous humor flow and high intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Assessment findings infantile glaucoma

A

infant keeping eyes closed most of time, frequent eye rubbing, spasmodic winking, corneal clouding, enlargement of eyeball, excessive tearing or conjunctivitis
-red reflex may appear gray or green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Management of infantile glaucoma

A

surgical intervention first line management in children
-pre-op=prepare parents 3-4 surgeries
-protection of surgical site postop=critical
-maintain eye patch and bedrest, provide distraction and activities
-elbow restraints for infants and toddlers
-teach parents how to administer eye medications
-no rough housing or horseplay for two weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Congenital cataracts patho

A

opacity of optic lens preventing light from entering eye- severe ambylopia if not treated
-leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in children
-best outcomes when removed before 3 mo age can be done as early as 2 weeks of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Congenital cataracts assessment findings

A
  • Bilateral can be associated with genetic defects or metabolic syndromes
    -cloudy cornea, absent red reflex in affected eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Congenital cataracts management

A

implantable lens placed or fitted with contact lens
-postop eye patching normal eye after surgical eye healed to strengthen vision
-elbow restraints for infants
-teach fam to administer abx and steroid drops
-sunglasses needed when outside to protect against UV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nursing care of children with visual impairment

A

Promote optimal development, Independence, parent-child attachment
-refer to educational services
-promote corrective lense use
-encourage compliance with eye exams and screenings
Education: safety hazards, eye injury prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tips for interacting with visually impaired child

A

Childs name to gain attention and identify presence FIRST BEFORE touching child
-discuss upcoming activities, walk them through it
-use their body parts as reference points for location of items
-simple specific directions
-name and describe people/objects to make child more aware of what is happening
-encourage exploration of objects through touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Educational resources referral
Younger than 3=early intervention Older than 3= individualized care plan (IEP)
26
acute otitis media
infection of middle ear structures bacterial (strep pneumoniae) or viral (RSV, influenza)
27
Acute otitis media physical findings
rubbing/pulling on ear Crying,irritability, fussiness, reports ear pain Fever (low to 104) TM dull, red, bulging, opaque Purulent drainage may be visible behind eardrum or in canal if TM ruptured Lymphadenopathy Poor feeding Difficulty sleeping, crying during night
28
acute otitis media S/S
fever, ear pulling, irritability, poor feeding, lymphadenopathy; TM dull, red, bulging w/ dec or no movement
29
acute otitis media tx
amoxicillin/augmentin or azithromycin- PO or ceftriazone IM (1 dose) -tylenol/ibuprofen to manage ear pain (otalgia) and fever -benzocain drops for pain if TM intact
30
Otitis media acute with effusion patho
collection of fluid in middle ear w/ NO infection r/t allergies or Ig adenoids
31
Otitis media acute with effusion assessment findings
TM=dull. orange discoloration, air bubbles, dec movement S/S= feeling of fullness, transient hearing loss possible
32
Otitis media acute with effusion management
tx: resolves on own i fpersist: >3 mo, refer to ENT and assess for hearing loss or speech delay
33
Tympanostomy management
Surgical procedure where ear tubes are placed in eardrum to treat middle ear issues, equalize pressure and minimize fluid collection; long-term relief
34
Myringotomy management
small incision on TM and placement of PE tubes can be indicated for child who has multiple episodes of OM; short-term relief
35
Tympanosotmy discharge teaching
teach ear drop administration Ear plugs recommended when swimming, if water enters ear, allow it to drain out Notify provider if drainage noted with PE tubes Tubes remain in place for several months usually fall out spontaneously (~8-18 months
36
Proper ear drop administration
<3yrs=pinna down and back >3yrs=pinna up and back
37
Types of skin lesions
Macule,papule, plaque/annular, vesicle, pustule
38
Macule
circular, flat discoloration <1cm
39
papule
superficial, solid, elevated <0.5cm
40
Plaque/annular
ring-like with central clearing
41
Vesicle
circular collection of free fluid <1 cm
42
Pustule
vesicle containing pus
43
Skin injury types
abrasions, lacerations, bites, bruises, burns
44
Abrasion
superficial rub or wearing off of skin due to friction mainly limited to epidermis
45
Laceration
injury that penetrates skin and soft tissue
46
Bites
human or animal
47
Burns
major cause of accidental death in children <15 yrs old -most common types= thermal, chemical, electrical -hot water heater temp >140 can cause a 3rd degree burn in 15 sec -younger children=deeper injuries
48
Risk factors for skin injury types
Poverty, prematurity (<1 yr), chronic illness, intellectual disability, parent with abuse history,alcohol/substance abuse, extreme stressors
49
Suspicious cues for skin injuries
injuries uncommon locations -bruises in infants <9 months -multiple injuries other than LEs -frequent ED visits, delay in seeking care -inconsistent stories -unusual caregiver-child interactions
50
Sun safety pt education and sunscreen
infants <6 months out of direct sunlight, minimal sunscreen use -hats, sun shirts -limit sun exposure between 10am-4pm -broad spectrum (screens out UVA and UVB) -fragrance and oxybenzone free -SPF 15 or higher, zinc oxide products for nose cheeks ears shoulders -apply 30 in prior to sun activity, reapply at least every two hours or every 60-80 min while in water (resistant or not)
51
Burn assessments
Primary and secondary
52
Primary burn assessment
airway- patent, maintainable, Unmaintainable? Assess for signs of airway injury or smoke inhalation Resp effort, symmetry of breathing, breath sounds, pulse ox, ABG, carboxyhemoglobin -skin color pulse strength, HR, perfusion status, edema, ECG if electrical burn
53
Secondary burn assessments
burn depth Body surface area Other traumatic injuries
54
Burn staging
severity depends on child’s age, causative agent, body area involved and temp and duration of contact -minor -moderate -major
55
Minor burns
<10% TBSA, treated outpatient
56
Moderate burns
10-20% of TBSA treated in hospital with expertise in burn care
57
Major burns
>20% TBSA requires medical services of burn center
58
Priorities of care for burns
airway, manage complications, prevent hypothermia, wound care, prevent infection, managing pain, providing nutritional and psychological support, restore mobility
59
Nursing actions for burns- Minor
minor: stop burning process, cover to prevent contamination, cleanse with mild soap and tepid water, apply antimicrobial ointment and apply non adherent dressing, pain management Burn prevention education
60
Nursing actions for burns-Major
airway: airway edema continues for up to two days after burn Humidified 100% O2 as Rx Emergency airway mngmt sooner than later, anticipate intubation (100% O2 via NRB or ambulance, intubation for infants) Complications: inhalation injury (thermal or carbon monoxide), pulmonary problems
61
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) physical cues
Extreme itching to allergen or environmental factors (temp change, sweating) -dry, scaly pruritus, erythematous patches on flexural surfaces lesions (face, scalp, wrists or arms, antecubital, popliteal areas) -indicators of secondary infection -elevated IgE -presence of wheezing (asthma common)
62
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Diagnostic cues
elevated IgE levels
63
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Management
topical corticosteroids and immune modulators-tacrolimus
64
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Pt education
-avoid hot water and bathe 2X/day in warm water -Avoid soaps containing perfumes, dyes, or fragrances -pat skin dry and leave moist while apply moisturizers multiple times daily -100% cotton clothing and bed linens, avoiding synthetics and wool -keep fingernails short -antihistamines assist with itching
65
Diaper dermatitis physical cues
inflammatory hypersensitive rxn by detergents, soaps, chemicals +Non-candida- red, shiny
66
Diaper dermatitis therapeutic management
Keep the skin dry, barrier creams- zinc oxide
67
Acne
68
Acne-Hx and physical cues
fam Hx
69
Acne- med management
70
Acne- pt education
71
Hx cues of immunodeficiency
72
Lab cues of immunodeficiency
73
Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE) characteristics
igG-only one that crosses placental barrier, virus toxins and bacteria, through breast milk lack=severe immunodeficiency (baby produces to-1yr) IgE-allergic rxns (eczema) and parasitic IgM-bacterial infections , primary immune response(meningitis) IgA-first line of defense against resp GI Gu patho, production-at 3 mo
74
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patho
Lack IgA and IgM Absent B and T cells, no immune function “Bubble boy”-protection isolation
75
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Assessment findings
76
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Diagnostic findings
77
HIV in children- physical findings
78
HIV in children-Diagnostic labs
18 mo<= positive ELISA and Western Blot >18mo= positive pCR and viral culture
79
HIV in children- Priority of care
Management of condition Nutrition, weight, height
80
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-patho
systemic inflammation in synovial joints Fever
81
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-assessment findings
morning stifnesss Fussy Not wanting to get out of bed
82
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis- diagnostic findings
83
Latex allergy
84
Latex allergy-cross sensitivity
85
Latex allergy- clinical manifestations
86
Latex allergy- nursing care and interventions
87
Allergic and anaphylaxis reactions
88
Allergic and anaphylaxis reactions-physical cues
89
Allergic and anaphylaxis reactions-management
90
Rubeola
Aka measles
91
Rubeola Patho
virus
92
Rubeola(measles) assessment findings
Koplik spots-oral mucosa grains of sand Rash at top and moves down body Cough Maculopapular rash Malaise Nasal inflammation, conjunctivitis Complications=pneumnia and encephalitis
93
Rubeola(measles) nursing care
vitamin A 6mo-2yr Airborne precautions Post-exposure vaccination after 72 hrs or immune globulin IgE within 6 days may reduce severity
94
Pertussis-physical findings
swelling and irritation of airways Paroxysmal coughing(10-30 times in a row) Cyanosis Protruding tongue Red face Tearing eyes, drooling, copious secretions
95
Pertussis
”whooping cough”
96
Pertussis therapeutic management
bacterial, azithromycin if <1 mo TMP-SMZ=alternative to macro life’s DTaP vaccine <7 High humidity environment Droplet/standard precautions
97
Treating fever in children-clinical manifestations
dehydration Dec oral intake of fluids Above
98
Treating fever in children- nursing care and interventions
-Assess temp 30-60 min after antipyretic given -Same temp device and site for measurement -Assess fluid intake and encourage oral intake. -Admin IVF per order Acetaminophen(any age) and ibuprofen(>6mo)
99
Lyme disease
Vector borne disease-tick bite
100
Lyme disease-physical findings
malaise fever chills Neck stiffness Joint pain Erythema migrans at tick bite Itchy nodule, firm, urticaria or localized edema, progresses stages 1-3 to more systemic involvement
101
Lyme disease- therapeutic management
Doxycycline if >8yrs, amoxicillin if <8yrs Tx for 14-28 days
102
Lyme disease- nursing management
103
Pediculosis capitis
Head lice
104
Pediculosis capitis- physical cues
excessive itching Nits Eggs Small red bumps on scalp, white specks attached to hair shaft Nits or lice seen behind ears or at nape of neck
105
Pediculosis capitis-Management
follow head lice treatment directions exactly -Permethrin, neurotoxic Comb every 2-3 days Gowns, gloves-direct contact transmission-contact precautions Soak combs and brushes in hot water, dry cleaning/sealing in plastic bags
106
Types of precautions and indications for infections
Contact-transmitted when in close proximity w/pts and environment(head lice) Droplet-large droplets by coughing, sneezing, talking(pertussis) Airborne-infectious pathogens that remain suspended in air and can travel great distance-N95 (rubeola aka measles)
107
Leukemia- ALL
acute lymphoblastic leukemia Over-production of immature leukoblast cells (WBC) with infiltration of organs and tissues
108
Leukemia-ALL history/physical cues
low-grade fever Signs of infection Pallor Bruising/petechiae/purpora Leg pain Joint pain Enlarged liver/lymph nodes HA N/V Abd pain
109
Leukemia-ALL lab cues
neutropenia Anemia - H&H low, RBCs low Platelets low Blood smear shows blasts BMA=most definitive, diagnostic
110
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma patho
Cancer cells in lymph fluids and nodes Uncontrolled proliferation Presence of reed sternburg cells Cytokines release
111
Lymphoma history and physical cues
-Hx immnodificiency Infections -Epstein Barr virus -Fam Hx lymphoma -Unintentional weight loss -Night sweats -Fever -Cough -SOB -Pruritus Splenomegaly/hepatomegaly -Painless , enlarged supraclavicular or cervical lymph nodes (sentinel nodes)
112
Lymphoma lab cues
hodgkin’s=reed sternburg cells
113
Brain tumors pre-op priorities of care
monitor for inc ICP Steroids dec ICP swelling Pre-op teaching and emotional support
114
Brain tumors post-op priorities of care
-monitor for inc ICP -Frequent VS w pupil and LOC checks -Tx for hyperthermia w antipyretics -Pain mngmt -Position on unaffected side at level ordered -JP drain monitor -Keep head midline
115
Wilm’s tumor (Nephroblastoma)
renal mass
116
Wilm’s tumor (Nephroblastoma)- assessment cues
-Abdominal assymmetry -Vomiting -Weight loss -Renal mass ultrasound -Hematuria -Firm non tender abdominal swelling and mass -HTN
117
Wilm’s tumor (Nephroblastoma) Lab cues
-Ultrasound -CT or MRI -CBC (anemia-kidneys produce erythropoetin) -UA (may potive for WBCs or RBCs) -24 hr urine neg for homovanillic acid(HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid(VMA)
118
Bone marrow aspirate procedure
-Prone position -Iliac crest=bone of choice -Tibia in infant -BM procedure tray/needle -Topical anesthetic and conscious sedation (fentanyl/versed) Explain procedure, comfort, infection prevention
119
Bone marrow aspirate monitoring
LOC, pain Hold pressure prevent bleeding monitor for bleeding and prevent infection and monitor
120
Neutropenia precautions
avoid raw fruits and veggies No flowers Limit visitors Private room Hand hygiene Avoid rectal temps and catheters and invasive procedures
121
Common cancer tx-chemo and a/e
anemia Thrombocytopenia Infection/immunosuppressed (ANC<1,000=neutropenia) N/V/anorexia
122
Common cancer tx-radiation therapy
complication- skin irritation/burns/altered integrity Teach: wash with mild soap and water -Avoid lotions/powders/ointments -Avoid sun or heat exposure -Diphenhydramine or hydro cortisone for itching -Antimicrobial cream to desquamation -mositurize with aloe vera
123
Iron deficiency anemia
Not enough RBC and Hbg and Hct -Not enough oxygen carrying capacity
124
Iron deficiency anemia- assessment
Irritability HA Unsteady gait, weakness, fatigue Dizziness SOB Pallor in skin and MM and conjunctiva Difficulty feeding Pica Spooning of Nails
125
Iron deficiency anemia- diagnostic findings
low RBC, H&H, MCV, MCH, ferritin Red cell distribution width high
126
Iron deficiency anemia- management
-iron supplement for BF infant by 4-5 mo(behind teeth to avoid staining), cause constipation, give with OJ or acidic things , causes dark green stools -Iron fortified formula -BF mothers inc iron in diet -Limit cows milk in children >1yr to 24/oz day -Encourage iron rich foods
127
Hemophilia
deficiency of factor VIII—> essential to activate factor X—>converts prothrombin to thrombin-without it-PLTs cannot make clots
128
Hemophilia physical findings
Swollen or stiff joints (Hemarthrosis) Multiple bruises Hematuria Bleeding gums Bloody sputum or emesis Black tarry stools Chest or abd pain (internal bleeding)
129
Hemophilia labs
PTT is only thing abnormal(factor 8 here) PT and PLT are normal H&H may be low if bleeding going
130
Hemophilia management of bleeding episodes
Give factor 8- slow IV push RICE Desmopressin-mild, trigger endothelium of blood vessels to release factor 8
131
Sickle cell
causes ischemia and infarction
132
Sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis
exacerbation
133
Sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis assessment findings
134
Sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis- labs
135
Sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis-management
136
Lead poisoning risk factors
137
Lead poisoning physical and lab cues
138
Lead poisoning chelation therapy

Peds/OB (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions