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Pelicano > Pelicano Module 2 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Pelicano Module 2 Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension

A

Defined as B/P higher than 140/90. Physical inactivity causes blood to be stagnant and allow gunk build up. stress raises B/P, and can cause vasoconstriction.

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2
Q

Risk factors in Circulatory/Heart Diseases

A

Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Heredity, Smoking, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Stress, Metabolic Syndrome.

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3
Q

Classification of BP and stages of Hypertension

A

Normal = 120/80
Prehypertension = 120-139 / 80/89
Stage 1 = 140-159 / 90-99
Stage 2 = 160 + / 100 +

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4
Q

Common symptoms of Hypertension

A

Nose bleed. Headache. Damaged blood vessels

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5
Q

Treatment for hypertension

A

Lose weight, limit alcohol, stop smoking, LOW SODIUM DIET, exercise, always monitor B/P

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids & cellular debris (from smoking), in the inner layers of the walls of the arteries. Lumen of the vessel narrows causing obstruction of blood flow.

Severity of disease is measured by degree of obstruction.

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7
Q

Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis (Same as HTN)

A

Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Heredity, Smoking, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Stress, Metabolic Syndrome.

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8
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Conditions that obstruct blood flow in the coronary arteries (supply blood to the heart).

Primary cause is atherosclerosis.

When flow of blood & oxygen is cut off cells will die.

Most common diseases resulting from this are angina & myocardial infarction.

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9
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain

The heart is screaming out in pain.

This is a warning that there is not enough oxygen

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10
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause (90%) can also be caused by a thromboemolism.

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11
Q

Cause of Angina Pectoris

A

decreased flow of blood to the myocardium (ischemia) leading to oxygen and chest pain(angina)

triggered by cold, exercise. (activity increases metabolic demand) & stress

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12
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Angina Pectoris

A

PAIN, heaviness or tightness in substernal area of chest or precordial(across the heart), spasmostic(fluctuating) severe discomfort

Pain starts to radiate to neck, arms, shoulders, or jaw

SOB, pallor, anxiety & fear

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13
Q

How to relieve pain of Angina Pectoris

A

Rest and Nitroglycerin. (Vasodilator)

Can take nitroglycerin every 5 min x 3 if pain doesn’t go away go to the hospital

Beta Blockers / Calcium channel blockers (after diagnosed)

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14
Q

Medical Procedures used to treat Coronary Artery constriction

A

CABG ( Coronary Artery Bypass Graft )

PTCA (Porcutaneous Transliminal Coronary Angioplasty) Balloon

Coronary Artery Stent ( Wire mesh that is expandable keeping artery open )

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15
Q

Nursing Care for Angina

A

Assess chest pain, VS, O2 saturation, cardiac monitoring.

Semi-fowlers with O2 therapy as ordered

Administer medications - Check B/P and HR

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16
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

permanent lack of oxygen , ischemia (large area) , Necrosis ( smaller part)

Occlusion of one of the coronary arteries or its branches by clot or sclerotic condition; the part of the heat that loses the blood supply dis (necrosis of the area)

Mi usually affects the left ventricle because it is the workhorse of the heart & demands more oxygen

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17
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction

A

May be asymptomatic : silent MI

Pain - substernal or precordial - more severe than angina, crushing, vise - like, radiates to shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, prolonged, intense. Not relived by rest or Nitroglycerin

SOB, pallor cold/clammy skin, diaphoresis, anxiety, nausea/vomiting, decreased B/P, tachycardia, weak pulse, increased temp.

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18
Q

Valsaluer Maneuver

A

Bear down - need to prevent to patient from doing this. Making sure stool is soft

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19
Q

Nursing care for Myocardial Infarction

A

Medications, Morphine (decreases pain)
Heparin
Angioplatelet agents ASA
Stool softeners
Avoid fatigue, O2 therapy, Decreased fat/NA
ANTI EMBOLISM Stockings (prevent clot formation)

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20
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

Results from inflammation of the heart. Zithromax used often

Caused by inadequately treated strep infection

inflammation of cardiac tissue, CNS, joints, and skin

Causes necrosis on valve

Develops vegetative growth

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Rheumatic Heart disease

A

Fever, joint and abdominal pain, chest pain/discomfort. Tachycardia/SOB, lethargy and fatigue, Valve problem MAY HEAR SWISHING SOUND (murmur)

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22
Q

Treatment of Rheumatic Heart disease

A

Rapid treatment of strep infection

bedrest when accurately ill (carditis present) - gradually increase activity

Manage joint pain use NSAIDS decreases inflammation of the heart

MAY NEED VALVE REPLACEMENT IF DAMAGE

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23
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the heart.

Associated with bacterial, viral, and fungal infection.

NEED TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION

OUTER LAYER GETS INFLAMED

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24
Q

S/S of Pericarditis

A

Chest pain radiating to back or neck may be aggravated by deep breathing, laying down, coughing, movement, swallowing or supine position. Pericardial friction rub, fever, chills, dyspnea, tachycardia, arrhythmia

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25
Q

Treatment of Pericarditis

A

Analgesics, VS, O2, IVF, Anti inflammatories.

Pericardiocenesis to remove fluid

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26
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation or infection of inner membranous lining of heart, especially the valves

(Vegetative emboli)

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27
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium

Caused by rheumatic heart disease. virus, or bacteria.

May develop into cardiomyopathy

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28
Q

Cardio myopathy

A

Failure of the heart to PUMP

Group of heart diseases that affects its structure and function.

Causes are unknown - viral bacterial alcohol drugs radiation.

MAY NEED A/CD AUTOMATIC CARDIAC DEFRIBULATOR

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29
Q

Valvular Heart disease

A

Valves do not open or close properly due to stenosis (thickening of valve tissue causing narrowing) or insufficiency.

MAY NEED VALVE REPLACEMENT

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30
Q

Peripheral Vascular System

A

Arterial disorders ( disorders occur when circulation to upper & lower extremities is compromised)

Arteriosclerosis and Athersclerosis of the peripheral arteries results in decreased blood supply; this is an underlying problem in this disease

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31
Q

PVP/PAD

A

Peripheral Vascular Disease / Peripheral Arterial Disease

Usually effects lower extremities

INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION - pain with activity due to ischemia - described as aching or cramping

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32
Q

Arterial Aneurysm

A

Enlarged dilated portion of an artery.

Can occur in lower extremities, thoracic/abdominal aorta.

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33
Q

Buergers Disease

A

AKA Thromboangitis Obliterans occlusive vascular condition in which small/medium arteries become inflammed & thrombotic

OCCURS IN SMOKERS MALE 25-40

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34
Q

Raynauds Disease

A

Intermittent arterial spasms/ischemia attacks especially fingers, ears, toes and nose.

Affects more WOMEN 20-40

Cause unknown Chronic cold hands and feet. Cyanosis & pain

may result in ulcerations

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35
Q

Venous Disorders

A

Occurs when blood flow is interrupted in returning from tissues to heart ‘Thrombophlebitis / Varicose Veins

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36
Q

Slow heart rate, usually defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

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37
Q

Rapid heart rate, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

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38
Q

Abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls caused by fat and fibrin deposits (plaques of cholesterol and lipids

A

Atherosclerosis

39
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel with a blood clot transported through the blood stream

A

Thromboembolism

40
Q

A sound heard on auscultation; in the heart, it indicates turbulent blood flow across heart valves

A

Murmur

41
Q

Abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls ( thickening and lost of elasticity + calcification of arterial wall )

A

Arteriosclerosis

42
Q

The amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole; the pressure generated at the end of the diastole

A

Preload (Stretch Ventricle)

43
Q

Disturbance of rhythm, arrhythmia

A

Dysrhythmia

44
Q

Study of the movement of blood and the forces that affect it

A

Hemodynamics

45
Q

A heartbeat that is strong, rapid, or irregular, enough to have the person realize it

A

Palpitation

46
Q

Fainting

A

Syncope

47
Q

The amount of resistance the left ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve

A

Afterload (Must eject blood again)

48
Q

Backward flow

A

Regurgitation

49
Q

An area of ischemic necrosis caused by disruption of circulation

A

Infarct

50
Q

Passage of blood through vessels of an organ

A

Perfusion

51
Q

An ambulatory ECG that provides continuous monitoring

A

Holter Monitor

52
Q

A transducer is used that picks up SOUND WAVES and converts them to electrical impulses

A

Echo-cardiogram

53
Q

A high resolution, 3D image os the heart, cardiac tissue is imaged WITHOUT LUNG OR BONE INTERFACE

A

MRI

54
Q

An exercise tolerance test that is a recording of an individuals cardiovascular response during a measured exercise challenge

A

Stress test

55
Q

Study of electrical activity in the heart

A

ECG

56
Q

A procedure in which a catheter is advanced into the heart chambers or coronary arteries under fluoroscopy

A

Cardiac catherization

57
Q

Test that may determine pressures in the RA, RV, and pulmonary artery

A

Cardiac catherization

58
Q

Electrodes place on the surface of the skin pick up the electrical impulses of the heart

A

ECG

59
Q

The patient ambulates in a treadmill or stationary bicycle while connected to a monitor

A

Stress test

60
Q

Heart sonogram that is a visualization and recording of the size, shape, position, and behavior of the hearts internal structure

A

Echo-cardiogram

61
Q

A test that determines the body’s ability to maintain the acid-base balance

A

Arterial blood gases

62
Q

A test used to measure a blood lipid that is produced by liver and is used to form bile salts for the digestion of fats and to form some hormones

A

Cholesterol

63
Q

In addition to LDL cholesterol, these lipids are a major contributor to coronary artery disease

A

Triglycerides

64
Q

Feeling of impending doom

A

Anxiety

65
Q

Lack of oxygen to the myocardium

A

Pain

66
Q

Decreased Cardiac Output

A

dysrrhythmia

67
Q

Dependent edema, Increased central venous pressure, Jugular vein distention, Abdominal engorgement are all examples of CHF in what side

A

Right side

68
Q

Decreased B/P readings, Anxious, pale, and tachycardiac, Crackles, wheezes, dyspnea, and cough are all examples of CHF in what side

A

Left side

69
Q

When the patient has right sided heart failure, there is a congestion of blood within the

A

Peripheral Vascular System

70
Q

Cardiomegally

A

Enalrged heart

71
Q

4 common symptoms of Heart failure

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral Edema
Ascites
Lung congestion

72
Q

(T/F) Drug therapy is aimed at improving cardiac output

A

True

73
Q

(T/F) Pulmonary edema represents a medical emergency

A

True

74
Q

(T/F) Pulmonary edema is a complication of left sided failure

A

True

75
Q

TWO of the MAIN medications used to treat CHF

A

Digoxin

Lasix (Diuretic)

76
Q

What type of diet is prescribed for a patient with CHF

A

LOW SODIUM, low fat

77
Q

Orthopnea

A

Breathing is only capable when sitting up

78
Q

Headaches and nose bleeds are the most common signs of

A

Hypertension

79
Q

Decreases blood flow to the myocardium, causing decreased oxygen

A

Ischemia

80
Q

Wire that expands to keep artery open

A

Coronary Artery Stent

81
Q

“Balloon procedure, Angioplasty”

A

PTCA

82
Q

Best position to put someone with Angina

A

Semi-fowlers

83
Q

Where heart failure usually begins, DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT, shortness of breath, dyspnea, pink frothy sputum

A

Left ventricular failure

84
Q

Affects liver, ascites, distended jugular veins

A

Right ventricular failure

85
Q

When blood is a viscous red fluid that contains RBCs, WBCs, and platelets suspended in a light yellow fluid

A

Blood Dyscrasias

86
Q

Decreased RBCs

A

Anemia

87
Q

What does ascorbic acid and Vitamin C have to do with iron

A

Helps absorb the iron better

88
Q

Decreased circulation blood because of a hemorrhage

A

Hypovolemic shock

89
Q

Abnormal crescent shaped RBS

A

Sickle Cell

90
Q

Immunological problem resulting in decreased bone marrow function

A

Aplastic Anemia

91
Q

Severe reduction in # of total granulocytes

A

Agranulocytosis

92
Q

Excess WBCs accumulate in bone marrow & lymph nodes, Not producing MATURE WBC

A

Leukemia

93
Q

Most curable of all cancers, linked to Epstein-Carr virus, PRESENCE OF REED-STERNBERG CELLS

A

Hodgkins Disease

Pelicano (6 decks)

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