Pelvic Girdle + Lowerlimb Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Define femoral anteversion. What is the normal adult value?
A
Femoral anteversion is the transverse plane alignment of the femur (the angle between the neck of the femur and the femoral condyles) Normal angle is 15 degrees
2
Q
Name these ligaments
A
3
Q
Name these ligaments
A
4
Q
Name these ligaments
A
5
Q
Define sacral nutation and counter nutation
A
Body weight forces the base of the sacrum anteriorly & inferiorly
à apex posteriorly & superiorly = anterior tilt of sacrum relative to ilium = sacral nutation
6
Q
When can you expect to see sacral nutation
A
nutation is increased in:
- weight-bearing positions
(standing & sitting)
- lying prone versus supine
- max hip flexion in lying
7
Q
Fill in the blanks
A
8
Q
Define the normal angle of inclination of the femur. What is the normal adult value?
A
9
Q
Define Coxa Valga and Coxa Vera and the possible concequences
A
Coxa Vara:
- Altered gait - changes in the biomechanics of walking
- Hip Instability - Increased angle causes reduced stability in the hip joint
- Hip degeneration
Coxa Valga
- Altered gait - usually seen as waddling or limp
- Hip Instability - Increased angle causes reduced stability in the hip joint
- Hip degeneration
- Increased fracture risk
10
Q
Name the ligaments
A
11
Q
Write out this table
A
12
Q
In what position are all the ligaments of the hip taut?
A
Extension
13
Q
Name the ligaments
A
14
Q
If you had an intra-articular hip pathology (i.e. increase synovial fluid inside the capsule), what hip position would you adopt?
A
45 Degree Flexion
15
Q
Which of the 3 ligaments (Iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral) provide greatest restraint to anterior translation of the femoral head in hip extension?
A
Iliofemoral (Its on the anterior side)
16
Q
Which 2 movements move the head of the femur deeper into the acetabulum?
A
Hip Abduction and Extension
17
Q
Which end of range movement could impinge the anterior femur on the anterior acetabulum?
A
Full Hip Flexion
18
Q
Which 3 muscles are the most appropriate choice for performing hip flexion?
A
the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius, are considered the primary hip flexors due to their anatomical orientation, size, and moment arm.
19
Q
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Psoas major
A
Proximal Attachment: Lumbar vertebrae (T12-L5)
Distal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion, stabilization of the lumbar spine, posture maintenance.
20
Q
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Illiacus
A
Proximal Attachment: Iliac fossa of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion, assists in stabilizing the hip joint
21
Q
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Tensor Fasica Lata
A
Proximal Attachment: Anterior iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Iliotibial tract (IT band) on the lateral aspect of the knee
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction, and assists in knee extension and stabilization of the knee
22
Q
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Sartorious
A
Proximal Attachment: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the tibia (near the pes anserinus)
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation, knee flexion, and assists in leg crossing (sitting in a cross-legged position)
23
Q
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Rectus Femoris
A
Proximal Attachment: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tuberosity via the quadriceps tendon
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion and knee extension
24
Q
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Longus
A
Proximal Attachment: Pubic bone
Distal Attachment: Middle third of the linea aspera on the posterior femur
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip adduction, assists in hip flexion and hip internal rotation
25
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Pectineus
Proximal Attachment: Pectineal line of the pubis
Distal Attachment: Proximal part of the linea aspera on the posterior femur
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L3) and obturator nerve (L2-L3)
Action: Hip flexion, hip adduction, and assists in hip internal rotation
26
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Brevis
Proximal Attachment: Pubic bone
Distal Attachment: Linea aspera on the posterior femur (between the pectineus and adductor magnus)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip adduction, assists in hip flexion, and assists in hip internal rotation
27
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Magnus
Proximal Attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis and ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Linea aspera on the posterior femur (divides into two parts: adductor and hamstring portions)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4) and sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L4-S3)
Action: Hip adduction, hip extension, and assists in hip flexion
28
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gracillis
Proximal Attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the tibia (near the pes anserinus)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip adduction, assists in hip flexion, assists in knee flexion, and assists in hip internal rotation
29
Which adductor muscle is a hip extensor irrespective of hip flexion position?
Adductor Magnus
30
Explain why biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus and semimembranosus can adduct the hip
When the hip is in a flexed position, the orientation of the hamstring muscles allows them to generate an adducting force.
31
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gluteus Maximus
Proximal Attachment: Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx
Distal Attachment: Gluteal tuberosity of the femur and iliotibial tract (IT band)
Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, hip external rotation, and hip adduction (posterior fibers)
32
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Biceps Femoris Long Head
Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Head of the fibula
Innervation: Sciatic nerve (long head) (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion, and external rotation of the lower leg (long head)
33
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Semitendinosis
Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the upper tibia
Innervation: Sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion, and internal rotation of the lower leg
34
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Semimembranosis
Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Medial condyle of the tibia
Innervation: Sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion, and internal rotation of the lower leg
35
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gluteus Medius
Proximal Attachment: External surface of the ilium (between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines)
Distal Attachment: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Hip abduction, hip internal rotation, and assists in hip stabilization during gait
36
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Magnus
Proximal Attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis and ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Linea aspera on the posterior femur (adductor portion) and adductor tubercle (hamstring portion)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (adductor portion) (L2-L4) and sciatic nerve (hamstring portion) (tibial division) (L4-S3)
Action: Hip adduction, hip extension, and assists in hip flexion
37
Which 4 muscles produce the greatest hip extension torque? Explain why.
Gluteus Maximus, Long head biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus. This is due to their moment arm and relatively large PSCA
38
Portions of a large muscle may have different actions. How does this apply to the action of gluteus maximus in the coronal plane?
The superior fibers of the gluteus maximus, which are more laterally located, contribute to hip abduction in the coronal plane.
39
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gemellus Superior
Proximal Attachment: Ischial spine
Distal Attachment: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization
40
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of obturator internus
Proximal Attachment: Internal surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization
41
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gemellus Inferior
Proximal Attachment: Internal surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization
42
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Quadratus Femoris
Proximal Attachment: Lateral margin of the ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip adduction and stabilization
43
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Obturator Externus
Proximal Attachment: External surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Distal Attachment: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3-L4)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization
44
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Glute Minimus
Proximal Attachment: External surface of the ilium (between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
Distal Attachment: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Hip abduction, hip internal rotation, and hip external rotation (anterior fibers)
45
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Sartorius
Proximal Attachment: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus)
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L3)
Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation, and knee flexion
46
how do Glute med, Glute min and tensor fascia latte control lateral tilt during gait training
The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae (TFL) work together to control pelvic lateral tilt during gait. They contract to stabilize the pelvis on the side opposite to the stance leg, preventing excessive drop and maintaining a level pelvis, ensuring proper alignment and smooth movement.
47
Are there any muscles at the hip that's primary action is medial rotation
No, however anterior glute med is the strongest, along with anterior glute minimus, illiopsoas, adductor longus and semimembranosis
48
How does Gluteus Medius action change with flexion?
Action can change with different joint positions. In neutral standing, it primarily abducts the hip. During hip flexion, it also assists in hip internal rotation.
49
Name the muscles
50
Fill in the blanks
51
What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?
Fascia Lata
52
Name this ligament
53
What are the borders of the femoral triangle:
Base - Inguinal Ligament
Lateral Border - Medial edge of sartorius
Medial Boarder - Medial edge of adductor longus
54
Note the contents of the femoral triangle from medial to lateral:
Femoral Vein
Femoral Artery
Femoral Nerve
55
What muscle is immediately lateral to the femoral nerve?
Iliopsoas
56
Fill in the blanks
57
Which nerve exits superior to piriformis and what does it innerviate?
Superior gluteal nerve, L4, L5 . It innervates the Glute medius, Glute minimus and tensor faciae latae
58
Which nerve exits superior to piriformis and what does it innerviate?
inferior gluteal nerve, L5, S1,S2, it innervates Gluteus maximus
59
Name this muscle
Popliteus
60
What muscle connects to the iliotibial tract?
Tensor Fascia Latae
61
Name this muscle
Biceps femoris
62
Name this Muscle
Adductor Brevis
63
Observe the difference in the anterior-posterior length of the articular surface of the lateral versus the medial femoral condyle. What affect does this have on tibiofemoral joint movement?
The articular surface of the medial femoral condyle is larger which causes medial rotation, this locks the knee in place (à screw-home mechanism)
64
Observe the shape (anterior versus posterior portions) of the femoral condyles. How does the shape affect stability in knee extension (standing) versus knee flexion?
In knee extension, the femoral condyles have a rounded shape for stability and even force distribution. In knee flexion, the posterior condyles become more concave to provide a better fit and prevent instability.
65
Does the lateral femoral condyle provide some resistance to lateral displacement of the patella?
Yes
66
Review Frontal Plane Alignment and their normal angles:
67
Fill in the blanks
68
Fill in the blanks
69
What are the functions of the tibiofemoral Menisci
To increase surface area allowing for more articulation. This increases joint stability.
70
Which meniscus is smaller and what are the concequences of this?
The medial meniscus is less mobile and more prone to injury. Its limited mobility can lead to symptoms and difficulties in knee function.
71
What is the biomechanical function of the patella?
Increases the moment arm for the quadriceps tendon giving it greater torque at the knee
72
Which is the most common direction of deviation / subluxation / dislocation of the patella? Why?
Non-contract: Twisting of the leg, with internal rotation of the femur on a fixed foot and tibia
Often associated with valgus stress (strong lateral force then dislocates the patella)
73
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Vastus lateralis
Proximal Attachment: Lateral intertrochanteric line, linea aspera, greater trochanter, and gluteal tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension
74
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Vastus medialis longus
Proximal Attachment: Medial intertrochanteric line and linea aspera, pectineal line, and medial supracondylar line
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension
75
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Vastus Medialis Obliquus
Proximal Attachment: Adductor magnus tendon
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension
76
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of vastus intermedius
Proximal Attachment: Upper 2/3 of anterolateral femur
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension
77
What is the Q angle and what is its significance
The Q angle or Quadraceps Angle is the resultant force of the quadriceps acts along the axis of the femur and is resisted by the patellar tendon tension. It normally diverges 15Degrees
78
How do you identify the adductor longus
it has a prominent tendon palpable close to pubic symphysis.
79
Only one muscle of the medial thigh crosses the knee joint – which one?
The Gracilis muscle
80
Which muscle contains the adductor hiatus?
The muscle that contains the adductor hiatus is the adductor magnus.
81
What passes through the adductor hiatus?
The femoral artery and femoral vein and saphenous vein.
82
How do the posterior thigh muscles produce knee rotation
When the knee is flexed, the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles act as internal rotators of the knee. They create a medial rotation force on the tibia, causing the lower leg to rotate inward. When the knee is extended, these muscles can act as external rotators of the knee. They produce a lateral rotation force on the tibia, causing the lower leg to rotate outward.
83
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gastrocnemius
Proximal Attachment: Medial head: just proximal to medial femoral condyle
Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)
Action: Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee
84
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Plantaris
Proximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar line & oblique popliteal ligament
Distal Attachment: Posterior calcaneus
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)
Action: Assists in plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee
85
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of popliteus
Proximal Attachment: Lateral Femoral Condyle
Distal Attachment: Posterior proximal tibia
Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Performs LR of femur on tibia; resists LR of tibia on femur
86
Which Muscles cause Extension of the knee
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius) assisted by tensor fasciae latae
87
What muscles cause flexion of the knee?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus; initiated by popliteus; assisted by gracilis and sartorius
88
What muscles cause medial rotation of the TIbia
Popliteus, semimembranosus and semitendinosus, assisted by sartorius and gracilis.
89
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the Tibia
Biceps femoris
90
What active and Passive structures provide resistance for anterior translation of tibia on femur
ACL, Menisci, Hamstrings
91
What active and Passive structures provide resistance for Posterior translation of tibia on femur
Posterior cruciate ligament, Menisci, Quadraceps femoris muscles
92
What active and Passive structures provide resistance for Tibiofemoral Valgus
width of TF jt; TCL superficial*>deep, ACL, (PCL, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis)
93
What active and Passive structures provide resistance for Tibiofemoral Varus
Width of the TF Joint, medial collateral ligament, (Joint capsule and surrounding ligaments)
94
What active and Passive structures provide resistance for internal rotation of knee
0-30F = ACL, > 30F = ALL, (menisci, biceps femoris)
95
What active and Passive structures provide resistance for external rotation
0-30F = PCL, > 30F = ALL, (menisci, biceps femoris)
96
What is the adductor Canal
a fascial canal extending from the apex of the femoral triangle (which points inferiorly) to the adductor hiatus
97
What is the Adductor Hiatus
An opening in the distal part of adductor magnus. The femoral artery and vein travel through the adductor hiatus becoming the popliteal vessels past this point.
98
What does the femoral nerve supply before entering the thigh
Branches to the iliacus and pectineus
99
Which nerve supplies most of the adductor muscles and skin on the medial aspect of the thigh.
Obturator
100
Where does the sciatic nerve enter:
o lateral to the ischial tuberosity
o superficial to adductor magnus
o deep to long head biceps femoris
101
What does the sciatic nerve split into:
Tibial nerve - Innervates all muscles in the posterior thigh except biceps fem short head
COMMON FIBULAR NERVE - Innervates biceps femoris short head
102
What is the popliteal fossa, What makes up its boundry and what passes through it:
A diamond shaped space posterior to the knee.
BOUNDRY's
Superolateral: Biceps femoris (long head)
Superomedial: Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
Inferolateral: Lateral head of the gastrocnemius
Inferomedial: Medial head of the gastrocnemius
CONTENTS:
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve:
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial Nerve
103
List the components of the three functional units within the foot:
104
Which metatarsal is longest?
The second metatarsal is typically the longest
105
Which Metatarsal has the thickest diaphysis
The first (Diaphysis refers to the 'shaft')
106
Compare the relative length of the metatarsals & phalanges of the foot with the metacarpals & phalanges of the hand. Relate to function.
The foot serves as a platform for walking, running, and bearing the body's weight, requiring longer metatarsals and phalanges to provide stability, balance, and propulsion during locomotion. The metacarpals and phalanges of the hand are relatively shorter, allowing for better control and coordination in activities requiring fine finger movements.
107
Compare the mobility and function of the 1st ray & hallux with that of the thumb.
They can move in the opposite direction of the other digits. The 1st ray and hallux, like the thumb, play crucial roles in weight-bearing and balance. They provide stability and support during walking, running, and other weight-bearing activities.
108
What are the two arches of the foot and what are they formed by:
The longitudinal and the transverse arches, Thet are formed by the bony structures in the foot
109
What are the functions of the two arches of the foot?
1. dampen impact of weight-bearing
2. dampen superimposed rotational motions
3. adapt to changes in supporting surface
4. protect neurovasculature from compression
110
Review the joints of the foot:
111
Fill in the blanks
112
What is the usual mechanism of injury of the inferior tibiofibular joint?
forcing separation of the distal fibula & tibia
113
why is the stability of the inferior tibiofibular joint is crucial to the integrity of the talocrural joint.
a
114
Which ligament is most commonly injured in an ankle sprain? Explain how & why.
The Anterior Tibiofibular ligament, this normally happens with excessive inversion or forceful twists
115
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of tibialis Anterior
Proximal Attachment: Proximal tibia & interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Medial cuneiform & base 1st MT
Action/s: Dorsiflexion (DF) + inversion (inv)
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L4,5
116
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor DIgitorum Longus
Proximal Attachment: Proximal tibia & fibula
Distal Attachment: Distal and middle phalanges of toes 2-5
Action/s: Extension (E) of toes 2-5
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L5, S1
117
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor Hallicus Longus
Proximal Attachment: Fibula and interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Distal phalanx of hallux (big toe)
Action/s: Extension (E) of the hallux (big toe)
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L5, S1
118
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Fibularis Tertius
Proximal Attachment: Distal fibula
Distal Attachment: Shaft of the 5th metatarsal
Action/s: Dorsiflexion (DF) and eversion of the foot
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L5, S1
119
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gastrocnemius
Proximal Attachment: Distal femur
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus
Action/s: Knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2
120
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of soleus
Proximal Attachment: Proximal tibia & fibular head
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus
Action/s: Ankle plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2
121
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gastrocnemius
Proximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar line of femur
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus
Action/s: Assists in ankle plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2
122
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Tibialis Posterior
Proximal Attachment: Tibia, fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Mainly navicular tuberosity & medial cuneiform
Action/s: Inversion + Plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: L4, L5
123
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor digitorum longus
Proximal Attachment: Posteromedial tibia
Distal Attachment: Distal phalanges 2-5
Action/s: Flexion of the 2nd-5th toes
Peripheral Innervation: the tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3
124
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor Hallicus Longus
Proximal Attachment: Fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Distal phalanx of the hallux (big toe)
Action/s: Flexion of the hallux (big toe)
Peripheral Innervation: S2, S3
Spinal level: S2, S3
125
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Fibularis Longus
Proximal Attachment: Proximal fibula
Distal Attachment: Medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
Action/s: Eversion of the foot
Peripheral Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
Spinal level: L5, S1
126
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Fibularis Brevis
Proximal Attachment: Lower two-thirds of the fibula
Distal Attachment: Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
Action/s: Eversion of the foot
Peripheral Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
Spinal level: L5, S1
127
What are the dorsiflexors of the foot:
Tibialis anterior - Prime mover, Externsor digitorium longus extensor hallicus longus fibulairs tertius
128
What are the plantarflexors of the foot:
Gastrocnemius & soleus, FHL, tibialis posterior, FDL, FL, FB
129
What muscles cause inversion
TP, TA, gastrocnemius & soleus, FDL, FHL, EHL
130
What muscles cause eversion
FL, FB, FT, EDL
131
what muscles cause flexion at the Metatarsophalangeal and IP joint
FDL, FHL
132
What muscles cause extension of the metatarsophalangeal and IP joint
EDL EHL
133
Fill in the blanks
134
Fill in the blanks
135
Fill in the blanks
136
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Extensor digitorum tendons of the 2nd-4th toes
Action: Extension of the 2nd-4th toes
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (S1, S2)
137
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor hallicus Brevis
MUSCLE: Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the great toe (1st toe)
Action/s: Extension of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) and dorsiflexion of the ankle
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2
138
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Abductor hallicus
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the great toe (1st toe)
Action/s: Abduction and flexion of the hallux (great toe)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3
139
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor digitorum brevis
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Middle phalanges of the second to fifth toes
Action/s: Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of the second to fifth toes
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3
140
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Abductor digiti minimi
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the fifth toe
Action/s: Abduction of the fifth metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3
141
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Quadratus Plantae
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon
Action/s: Assists in the action of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3
142
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Lumbricles
Proximal Attachment: Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendons
Distal Attachment: Extensor Hoods
Action/s: Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and extension of the interphalangeal (IP) joints of the toes
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3
143
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor Hallicus Brevis
Proximal Attachment: Cuboid bone, lateral cuneiform bone, and tibialis posterior tendon
Distal Attachment: Base of the proximal phalanx of the first toe (hallux)
Action/s: Flexion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (plantar flexion of the hallux)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2
144
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Hallicus
Proximal Attachment: Base of the first proximal phalanx (1st toe)
Distal Attachment:
Transverse Head: Base of the proximal phalanges of the 3rd to 5th toes (MTP joints)
Oblique Head: Shaft of the 2nd to 4th metatarsal bones, and the capsule and sesamoid bones of the 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
Action/s: Adduction of the 1st toe (hallux) at the 1st MTP joint
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3
145
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor Digiti minimi
Proximal Attachment: Base of the 5th metatarsal (5th MT)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the 5th toe (5th proximal phalanx)
Action/s: Flexion of the 5th toe (MTP joint)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3
146
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Dorsal Interossei
Proximal Attachment: Metatarsals
Distal Attachment: Extensor hoods of toes 2-4
Action/s: Abduction of toes 2-4 (spreading toes apart)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3
147
Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Plantar Interossei
Proximal Attachment: Metatarsals 3, 4, 5
Distal Attachment: Extensor hoods of toes 3-5
Action/s: Adduction of toes 3-5 (bringing toes together)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3
148
Reflect on the order of tendons around the medial malleolus
