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GIGU Exam 2 > Pelvic & Perineal Andrology > Flashcards

Pelvic & Perineal Andrology Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • Subperitoneal muscular pouch that can distend to store urine for the urinary system until released to the outside environment (external orifice via the urethra)
  • Connects to the abdominal portion of the urinary system (kidneys) via the ureters
  • Size, shape and position of bladder vary throughout a persons day
  • When empty it lies within the lesser pelvis; but it expands superiorly with increasing urine
  • Lies posterior to the pubic symphysis (retropubic space/space of Retzius)
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2
Q

Location of Bladder in Males

A

Prostate lies inferior to the urinary bladder and the rectum is posterior

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3
Q

Location of Bladder in Females

A

Urinary bladder is anterior to the vagina; uterus is superior to the bladder, lying on top of it; pelvic floor lies below it

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4
Q

Detrusor Muscle of the
Urinary Bladder

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Creates the walls fo the urinary bladder
  • Assists in the expulsion of urine from the body (parasympathetic control via the micturition reflex)
  • Vesical (visceral) fascia surrounds the outside of this muscle
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5
Q

Apex of the Urinary Bladder

A
  • Anterior portion of bladder that points towards the pubic symphysis when the urinary bladder is empty
  • Median Umbilical Ligament attaches to this (embryological remnant of the urachus)
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6
Q

Fundus (Base) of the Urinary Bladder

A
  • Located opposite the apex on the posterior aspect of the bladder
  • Depending on sex, it is either near the vagina or rectum (rectovesical pouch in M; Vesicouterine Pouch in F)
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7
Q

In males, the seminal vesicles and the ampulla of the ductus deferens are associated with:

A

Fundus of the Urinary Bladder

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8
Q

Body of the Urinary Bladder

A
  • Main portion of the bladder between the apex and the fundus
  • Changes in size depending on whether or not urine is being stored
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9
Q

Lumen of the bladder is lined with ____ epithelium to accommodate changes in size

A

Transitional

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10
Q

Neck of the Urinary Bladder

A
  • Inferior portion of the bladder that leads into the urethra and the internal urethral sphincter
  • In the male, the prostate is inferior to this
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11
Q

Trigone

A
  • The ureteric orifices (2) and internal urethral orifice (1) form a triangle of openings within the urinary bladder; openings run between the neck to the fundus of the urinary bladder
  • Has a smooth appearance compared to the rest of the urinary bladder which has rugae in the inner mucosal lining
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12
Q

Ureteric Orifice

A
  • Part of the Trigone
  • The ureter’s opening into the posterolateral surface of the bladder (fundus)
  • Enter at an oblique angle to prevent backflow (via the pressure of the urine)
  • Ridge of tissue, the interureteric fold, runs between the two orifices, assisting in backflow protection
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13
Q

Internal Urethral Orifice

A
  • Part of Trigone
  • Passage from the urinary bladder into the urethra within the bladder’s neck
  • Allows urine to exit the urinary bladder
  • Contains Internal Urethral Sphincter
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14
Q

Internal Urethral Sphincter

A
  • Located in the Internal Urethral Orifice
  • Smooth muscle fibers form an involuntary control valve for the urethra in the urinary bladder’s neck (internal urethral orifice)
  • Under sympathetic innervation via the Inferior Hypogastric Plexus which keeps the sphincter closed until the need for micturition occurs
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15
Q

Function of Internal Urethral Sphincter in Males

A

Keeps urine from leaving the urinary bladder during ejaculation

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16
Q

Function of Internal Urethral Sphincter in Females

A

The fibers are sometimes viewed as not organized into a working sphincter

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17
Q

Urethra

A
  • Passageway for urine running from the Internal Urethral Orifice to the External Urethral Orifice
  • Male and female urethra are different in size and appearnace
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18
Q

Periurethral Glands

A
  • Urethral glands that are located in the walls of the urethra
  • Secrete mucus into the urethra
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19
Q

Female Urethra

A
  • Muscular tube that runs from the Internal Urethral Orifice (urinary bladder) to the External Urethral Orifice located within the vestibule of the vagina (posterior to the clitoris, anterior to the vaginal orifice)
  • Much shorter than a male and intimately associated with the vagina
  • Passes through the urogenital hiatus to reach the perineum
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20
Q

External Urethral Sphincter of the Female

A
  • Created from skeletal muscles within the perineum
  • Assists in the conscious act of micturition (urination via the Pudendal N)
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21
Q

Paraurethral Gland (Lesser Vestibular Gland) of the Female

A
  • Glands located on either side of the External Urethral Orifice
  • Secrete a lubricating fluid
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22
Q

The Paraurethral Glands are the homolog of what male structure?

A

Prostate Gland

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23
Q

Male Urethra

A
  • Muscular tube that is 5x longer than the female counterpart (females is 1.5” vs males is 8”)
  • Runs from the Internal Urethral Orifice (Internal Urethral Sphincter) to the External Urethral Orifice located at the Glans Penis
  • External Urethral Sphincter is located away from the orifice in the male
  • Shared pathway for the urinary and reproductive system
  • Divided into 4 parts based on location
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24
Q

4 Parts of the Male Urethra

A

(1) Intramural Part of the Urethra (Preprostatic Urethra)
(2) Prostatic Urethra
(3) Intermediate Part of the Urethra (Membranous Urethra)
(4) Spong Urethra (Penile Urethra)

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25
Q

Intramural Part of the Urethra (Preprostatic Urethra)

A
  • Part of male urethra that follows from the neck of the urinary bladder (Internal Urethral Sphincter) and ends at the start of the Prostate Gland
  • Size and shape changes based on the urinary bladder’s status
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26
Q

Prostatic Urethra

A
  • Part of male urethra that travels through the prostate
  • Because it is associated with the prostate, it has modifications/structures that are not seen in other parts of the urethra
  • Lies between the intramural part and the intermediate part of the urethra
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27
Q

Intermediate Part of the Urethra (Membranous Urethra)

A
  • Short part of the male urethra that passes thru the perineal membrane and the External Urethral Sphincter
  • Starts at the end of the prostate and ends in the bulb of the penis
  • Bulbourethral glands are located posterolateral to this part of the urethra
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28
Q

External Urethral Sphincter of the Male

A
  • Located in the Membranous Urethra
  • Created by the skeletal muscles within the pelvic floor
  • Innervated by Perineal Branch of the Pudendal N
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29
Q

Spongy Urethra (Penile Urethra)

A
  • Longest part of the male urethra (~6”)
  • Located within the penis, surrounded by the erectile tissue called the Corpus Spongiosum
  • Starts at the end of the intermediate part and ends at the External Urethral Orifice (Glans Penis)
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30
Q

Intrabulbar Fossa (Bulbar Fossa)

A
  • Expansion of the Spongy Urethra within the Bulb of the Penis (the proximal aspect of the penis)
  • Receives secretions from the bulbourethral glands via the ducts of the bulbourethral glands
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31
Q

Navicular Fossa

A

Expansion of the spongy urethra located at the distal end of the spongy urethra, specifically within the Glans Penis

32
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Cutaneous fibromuscular sac housing the male gonads and related reproductive structures
  • Part of the male’s external genital located between the legs, inferior to the pubic symphysis and posteroinferior to the penis
  • Outer skin is pigmented and covered with terminal hair
  • Walls of the scrotum have smooth muscle (Dartos muscle/Dartos fascia)
33
Q

Scrotal Raphe

A
  • Embryological remnant of the scrotal development where the left and right parts fuse
  • Continuous with the penile raphe (running from the glans penis to scrotum) and the perineal raphe (running from scrotal raphe to the anus)
34
Q

Septum of the Scrotum

A
  • Internal division within the scrotum that separates the left and right testes
  • Created by the Dartos Fascia and the Fundiform ligament of the Penis
35
Q

Dartos Muscle

A
  • Helps with temperature maintenance of the gonads by causing the skin of the scrotum to wrinkle when cold which reduces the surface area for heat loss
  • Derived from Dartos Fascia (Scarps Fascia) and is made up of smooth muscle that inserts directly into the skin of the scrotunm m
36
Q

Testis

A
  • Paired male gonads within the scrotum
  • Produce spermatozoa and hormones like testosterone
  • Spermatic cord provides route for the testes to release substances (via ductus deferens), gain nutrients, etc
37
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A
  • Peritoneal sac that surrounds the testes and other scrotal structures (epididymis, ductus deferens)
  • Creates a parietal (outer) and visceral (on the organ) layers
  • Although the scrotal structures are surrounded by this, there is a slight separation between the epididymis and testis by an infolding of this layer called the sinus of the epididymis
38
Q

Tunica Albuginea of the Testis

A
  • Tough, fibrous outer covering of the testis
  • Above this layer is the visceral tunica vaginalis
  • Travels internally into the testes forming septums that create compartments (lobules); these compartments house the parenchyma of the testis
39
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Functional part of the testes that produce sperm via spermatogenesis
  • Coiled tubes that are separated by the septum of the Tunica Albuginea
40
Q

Rete Testis

A
  • Series of tubes that serve as a collection point from the canals of the seminiferous tubules (straight tubules)
  • Transfers the sperm from the testis into the Epididymis via the Efferent Ductules
41
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Surrounds the testis like a comma
  • Inside the epididymis are tightly coiled tubes (duct of the epididymis); within this structure the sperm mature and are stored until expelled from the body
  • Divided into parts based on its location
42
Q

Head of the Epididymis

A
  • Superior, bulbous portion of the epididymis that sits on the superior aspect of the testis
  • Efferent ductules from the Rete Testis bring spermatozoa into this part
43
Q

Body of the Epididymis

A
  • Long, middle portion of the epididymis
  • Efferent Ductules from the Rete Testis empty into this portion as well
44
Q

Tail of the Epididymis

A
  • Distal/inferior portion of the epididymis
  • Tapers down into one duct that leads into the ductus deferens (which takes the sperm into the body)
45
Q

Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

A
  • Paired muscular tube that moves sperm from the Tail of the Epididymis (Duct of Epididymis) and transports it into the body (pelvic cavity) via peristalsis
  • Runs inside the spermatic cord until it reaches the body wall via the Inguinal Canal
  • Separates from the rest of the cord’s contents at the Deep Inguinal Ring and runs medially towards the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder (fundus)
46
Q

Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens

A
  • Dilated terminal end of each of the ductus deferens
  • Located on the posteroinferior aspect of the urinary bladder
  • Ends with a duct that fuses with another duct (Duct of the Seminal Vesicle) to create the Ejaculatory Duct
47
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A
  • Created by the fusion of the duct of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the Duct of the Seminal Vesicle
  • Located near the neck of the urinary bladder
  • Moves the sperm and seminal secretion through the prostate to release into the Prostatic Urethra (paired openings on the seminal colliculus); once released into the urethra, secretions travel thru the penis and out of the body
48
Q

Penis

A
  • Cylindrical-shaped structure shared by the reproductive and urinary systems located primarily outside of the body
  • Located in front of the pubic symphysis, above the scrotum and between the upper thighs
  • Serves as a pathway for the Seminal Fluid and Urine out of the body via the urethra
  • Composed of 3 bodies of erectile tissue
49
Q

Root of the Penis

A
  • Most proximal aspect of the penis where the penis attaches to the body (pubic arch) within the superficial perineal pouch
  • Located anterior and inferior to the pubic symphysis
  • Separated into two parts: Crus of the Penis and Bulb of the Penis
  • Associated with the Ischiocavernosus muscle and Bulbospongiosus muscle
50
Q

Crus of the Penis

A
  • Paired structures made of a left and right Corpus Cavernosum (erectile tissue) and attach to their corresponding Ischipubic Ramus
  • Ischicavernosus muscle covers this structure and helps with the erection process
51
Q

What is the female homolog of the Crus of the Penis?

A

Clitoris

52
Q

Bulb of the Penis

A
  • An enlargement created by the Corpus Spongiosum at the proximal midline of the penis (root)
  • Urethra enters the penis within this structure
  • Bulbospongiosus muscle covers this part of the penis
53
Q

What is the female homolog of the Bulb of the Penis?

A

Vestibule of the Vagina

54
Q

Body of the Penis

A
  • Composed of three cylindrical erectile tissues (Corpus Spongiosum x1, Corpus Cavernosa x2)
  • Located between the proximal root of the penis and the distal glans penis
  • Longest part of the penis outside of the body
  • Houses the spongy (penile) urethra
55
Q

Deep Fascia of the Body of the Penis (Buck’s Fascia)

A
  • Continuation of the Deep Perineal Fascia
  • Binds the three erectile tissue bodies together inside the penis
  • Located superficial to the Tunica Albuginea
56
Q

Buck’s Fascia is a continuation of the ___ ___ ___

A

Deep Perineal Fascia

57
Q

Tunica Albuginea of the Body of the Penis

A
  • Encases each of the three erectile tissue bodies found within the penis separately
  • Helps maintain an erection during the arousal response by providing a framework for expansion/prevention of over expansion
58
Q

Corpus Cavernosum of the Body of the Penis

A
  • Two bodies of erectile tissue located on the dorsolateral side of the body of the penis
  • In a penile cross-section these are located superolateral
  • Within each erectile body is the Deep Artery of the Penis
  • Causes an erection in both sexes
59
Q

Corpus Spongiosum of the Body of the Penis

A
  • Unpaired, inferior erectile tissue located on the ventral side of the body of the penis
  • Surrounds the spongy urethra and prevents its collapse during an erection
60
Q

Suspensory Ligament of the Penis

A
  • Created by Deep Fascia and runs from the anterior punic symphysis towards the penis
  • Wraps around the penis forming a sling near the root and body junction to help hold it in position
61
Q

Glans Penis

A
  • Most distal aspect of the penis, following after the body of the penis
  • Enlarged compared to the Body of the Penis
  • Consists of the Corpus Spongiosum ONLY!
  • At the end of this is a slit-like opening, the External Urethral Orifice (Urethral Meatus)
62
Q

Corona of the Glans Penis

A
  • Expansion of the Glans Penis between the Glans Penis and Body of the Penis (neck)
  • Provides the Glans with a more bulbous appearance when compared to the body
63
Q

Neck of the Glans Penis

A
  • The constriction or grove that distinguishes the glans penis from the rest of the penis
  • Approximately where the Corpora Cavernosa of the Penis ends
64
Q

Prepuce (Foreskin) of the Penis

A
  • Loosely fitting skin runnings from the body of the penis (neck) and covers the Glans Penis
  • Removed in circumcised males
  • Variable in shape and size
65
Q

Frenulum of the Prepuce

A

Median fold of tissue that runs from the prepuce towards the distal aspect of the inferior glans penis

66
Q

Seminal Vesicle (Seminal Gland)

A
  • Paired internal glands that look like a convoluted pouch on the posterior aspect (fundus) of the male urinary bladder, between it and the rectum (rectovesical pouch/septum)
  • Create a viscous fluid that helps with sperm motility and provides the bulk of the seminal fluid
  • Products release into the Duct of the Seminal Vesicle (which combines with the Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens to form the Ejaculatory Duct)
67
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • Unpaired gland located inferior to the urinary bladder, posterior to the pelvic symphysis, anterior to the rectum, and surrounds the urethra after it exits the urinary bladder
  • Consists of both glandular and fibromuscular tissue (anterior portion) makimng it firm to the touch when palpated
  • Divided into anterior, posterior, lateral (2), and middle lobes
68
Q

What is the female homolog of the Prostate Gland?

A

Paraurethral Gland

69
Q

Urethral Crest of the Prostatic Urethra

A
  • Ridge found along the midline of the posterior wall of the urethra as it travels through the prostate
  • Continuous with a ridge found in the posterior wall of the neck of the urinary bladder called the Uvula of the Urinary Bladder (typically seen in older males)
  • On either side of this crest is a depression (prostatic sinus) with openings for the prostate gland ductules
70
Q

Seminal Colliculus

A
  • Rounded mound along the urethral crest (typically found in the middle portion of the prostate
  • Houses 3 openings: Prostatic Utricle, Ejaculatory Duct Opening, Prostatic Sinus
71
Q

Prostatic Utricle

A
  • Slit-like opening on the midline of the Seminal Colliculus (and urethral crest)
  • Opens into a blind sac, which is the remnant of the uterovaginal canal (which develops into the uterus and vagina in a female)
72
Q

Ejaculatory Duct Opening

A
  • Two smaller openings on the lateral aspect of the Seminal Colliculus, inferior to the Prostatic Utricle
  • Where the contents of both the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens empty into the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory ducts
73
Q

Prostatic Sinus

A
  • Depressions on either side of the Urethral Crest
  • Within the groove are many prostatic duct openings, allowing the prostate to release its secretions into the Prostatic Urethra and out of the body when the sexual response occurs
74
Q

Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Glands)

A
  • Paired pea-sized glands that secrete fluid via ducts into the spongy urethra (intrabulbar fossa) near its most proximal part (bulb of the penis)
  • This gland is next to the intermediate part of the urethra within the deep perineal pouch
  • Secretions from this gland help prepare the rest of the male urethra for the ejaculation process
75
Q

What is the female homolog of the Bulbourethral Gland?

A

Greater Vestibule Glands

76
Q

Passageway of Sperm

A

SEVEn UP
(1) Seminiferous tubules
(2) Epididymis
(3) Vas deferens
(4) Ejaculatory duct
(5) iN to the prostate
(6) Urethra (penile)
(7) Passes out of the penis

GIGU Exam 2 (9 decks)

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