Pelvis and Pelvic Floor

Question 1

Which rounded ridge separates the superior and inferior aspects of the ilium?

Answer 1

The arcuate line of the pelvis

Question 2

What is an important attachment site in the pelvis for sheet-like muscles and deep fascia?

Answer 2

The iliac crest

Question 3

Which structure marks the superior end of the greater sciatic notch?

Answer 3

The posterior inferior iliac spine

Question 4

Which structure of the pelvis is responsible for the articulation with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 4

The auricular surface of the ilium

Question 5

Which pelvic structure separates the greater sciatic notch and the lesser sciatic notch?

Answer 5

The ischial spine

Question 6

What is the most prominent feature of the ischium and where is it anatomically?

Answer 6

The ischial tuberosity; on the posterior inferior aspect of the ischium

Question 7

Which structure is an important attachment site for lower limb muscles and for supporting the body when sitting?

Answer 7

The ischial tuberosity

Question 8

What divides the false and true pelvic areas?

Answer 8

The pelvic brim

Question 9

What makes up the pelvic inlet (3 things)?

Answer 9

Sacral promontory -> ala of sacrum -> linea terminalis

Question 10

What 3 things make up the linea terminalis?

Answer 10

Arcuate line, pectin pubis, and pubic crest

Question 11

Where in the pelvis can you see all 3 bones of the pelvis come together in the lateral view?

Answer 11

Acetabulum

Question 12

What is the difference in shape of the pelvic brim in males and females?

Answer 12

More round/pear-shaped in males; more oval in females

Question 13

The sacrum is shorter and less curved in males or females?

Answer 13

Females

Question 14

Do females have a longer or shorter pubic symphisis?

Answer 14

Shorter

Question 15

The obturator foramen is more round in females or males?

Answer 15

Males

Question 16

Greater pubic angle in males or females?

Answer 16

Females

Question 17

Which broad ligament crosses the sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 17

The anterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 18

What closes off the obturator foramen and comprises the lower border of the obturator canal?

Answer 18

The obturator membrane

Question 19

From an anterior view is the sacrotuberous ligament anterior or posterior to the sacrospinous?

Answer 19

Posterior

Question 20

Which ligament is deep to the posterior sacro-iliac ligament and in which joint is it?

Answer 20

Interosseous ligament; SI joint

Question 21

Which pelvic ligament is the lower boundary of the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 21

The sacrotuberous ligament

Question 22

Which pelvic ligament is the lower boundary for the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 22

The sacrospinous ligament

Question 23

Which muscle attaches at the sacrum and passes out of the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic notch and attaches to the greater trochanter?

Answer 23

Piriformis m.

Question 24

Which two muscles arise in the pelvis and act on the hip joint and what are their innervations?

Answer 24

Piriformis (S1,S2) and Obturator internus (L5,S1)

Question 25

Which m. and ligament make up the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 25

The obturator internus m. and the sacrotuberous ligament

Question 26

What is the major group of muscles that make up most of the pelvic diaphragm? What are the individual muscles that make up this group?

Answer 26

The levator ani muscles; iliococcygeus m., pubococcygeus m., and puborectalis m

Question 27

Which muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 27

Levator ani and coccygeus m.

Question 28

Which muscle is the broad, large portion of the pelvic floor?

Answer 28

Iliococcygeus

Question 29

Which is the U-shaped muscle of the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 29

Pubococcygeus m.

Question 30

Which is the thinnest and most medial muscle of the pelvic floor? What structure does it wrap around?

Answer 30

Puborectalis; the rectum

Question 31

Which muscle helps form the anorectal flexure that maintains controls bowel movements?

Answer 31

Puborectalis

Question 32

What structure is very important for the attachment of levator ani mm, in particular the iliococcygeus?

Answer 32

The tendinous arch of the fascia associated with the obturator internus

Question 33

The perineal membrane is traversed by what in the male?

Answer 33

The urethra

Question 34

Which is the largest m. of the urogenital diaphragm? Where does it attach?

Answer 34

Deep transverse m., posteriorly to the perineal body

Question 35

The deep transverse perineal mm. fill what space?

Answer 35

The deep perineal pouch

Question 36

What wraps around the urethra in the deep perineal pouch?

Answer 36

The external urethral sphincter

Question 37

Which additional muscles interdigitate with the deep transverse perineal m to help support now that we have another opening, the vagina, which weakens the perineum?

Answer 37

Compressor urethrae and sphincter urethrovaginalis

Question 38

Which muscle in the female helps close the urethra?

Answer 38

Compressor urethrae

Question 39

Which muscle extends around both vaginal and urethral openings?

Answer 39

Sphincter urethrovaginalis

Question 40

The ureters enter the bladder in what directional position?

Answer 40

Posterolaterally

Question 41

In females the ureters pass ____, and in males the ureters pass ___?

Answer 41

Uterine a.; ductus deferens

Question 42

What is the smooth muscle contained within the bladder?

Answer 42

The detrusor urinae m.

Question 43

Which structure offers major support for the inferior aspect of the bladder in males?

Answer 43

The prostate gland

Question 44

Which is a protective structure associated with protection against acidic or alkalinic urine in females before it leaves the body?

Answer 44

Paraurethral gland (Skene’s gland)

Question 45

What kind of epithelium lines the bladder?

Answer 45

Urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Question 46

Describe the 4 different types of urethra in males?

Answer 46

1.Preprosthatic part (tiny portion leaving the bladder just before entering prostate) 2.Prosthatic part (goes through the prostate) 3.Membranous part (small portion going through the perineal membrane) and 4.Spongy part (long portion going through the penis)

Question 47

Where do we have the combination of the urogenital tract happening?

Answer 47

In the prostatic urethra

Question 48

What is the name of the flexure in the area of the rectum? Which muscle creates this flexure?

Answer 48

The anorectal flexure; puborectalis (puborectal sling)

Question 49

What must be relaxed for defection?

Answer 49

The anorectal junction, which is created by the puborectalis

Question 50

How many portions make up the external anal sphincter and what are their names?

Answer 50

3; subcutaneous, superficial, deep

Question 51

Describe the flow of semen.

Answer 51

1.Seminiferous tubules 2.Straight tubules 3..Rete testes 4..Efferent ductules 5.Head of epididymis 6.Body of epididymis 7.Tail of epididymis 8.Ductus deferens 9.Ejaculatory ducts 10.Prostatic urethra 11.Membranous urethra 12.Spongy urethra 13.External urethral orifice

Question 52

What is the name for the fascial sheath derived from the anterior abdominal wall that extends from the inguinal canal to the scrotum? What 3 things does this structure surround?

Answer 52

Spermatic cord; ductus deferens, testicular vessels, and nerves

Question 53

What are the 3 male reproductive glands?

Answer 53

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethal (Cowper’s) gland

Question 54

Which male reproductive gland(s) join the ductus deferens and form the ejaculatory ducts that empty into the prostatic urethra?

Answer 54

Seminal vesicles

Question 55

What are the muscular tubes responsible for transport of ovum to the uterus?

Answer 55

The uterine (fallopian tubes)

Question 56

Which portion of the fallopian tubes open into the uterus?

Answer 56

Isthmus

Question 57

Which portion of the fallopian tubes enters the ampulla?

Answer 57

Infindibulum

Question 58

Which portion of the uterine cervix opens into the vagina?

Answer 58

The external os

Question 59

What is the name for the circular gutter of the vagina that surrounds the cervix? Which one is deeper?

Answer 59

Fornixes (anterior and posterior); Posterior (due to anterior tilt of uterus

Question 60

What are the 4 uterine ligaments?

Answer 60

Suspensory ligament, Broad ligament, ovarian ligament, and round ligament of uterus

Question 61

Which uterine ligament is peritoneum covering ovarian vessels and nn?

Answer 61

Suspensory ligament

Question 62

Which uterine ligament is peritoneum covering the uterus and adnexa (everything that goes with it)?

Answer 62

Broad ligament

Question 63

Which uterine ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?

Answer 63

Ovarian ligament

Question 64

Which uterine ligament is a continuation of the ovaria ligament that passes thru the inguinal canal to fuse with labia majora?

Answer 64

Round ligament of uterus

Question 65

What is the embryological origin of the ovarian ligament?

Answer 65

Gubernaculum

Question 66

What is the embryological origin of the round ligament of the uterus?

Answer 66

The rest of the gubernaculum

Question 67

What is the posterior extension of the broad ligament?

Answer 67

Mesovarium (starts at posterior ovary and goes to the perineal floor)