Pelvis and Perineum

Question 1

Bony landmarks of the perineum

Answer 1

Anterior: Pubic symphysis
Posterior: Coccyx
Lateral: Ischial tuberosities

Question 2

Anatomical borders of the perineum

Answer 2

Anterior: Pubic Symphysis
Posterior: Coccyx
Lateral: Inferior pubic rami, Inferior ischial rami, sacrotuberous ligaments
Roof: Pelvic floor

Question 3

What are the two triangles of the perineum? Which bony prominence separates the two of them?

Answer 3

1. Urogenital
2. Anal
   Ischial tuberosities

Question 4

Thin sheet of deep fascia that stretches between right and left pubic arch to the pubic symphysis?

Answer 4

Perineal membrane

Question 5

Function of the external anal sphincter?

Answer 5

Compress the anus and maintain faecal continence

Question 6

Function of the superficial transverse perineal?

Answer 6

Support the perineal body

Question 7

Function of the deep transverse perineal?

Answer 7

Anchor the perineal body, supports pelvis viscera

Question 8

Function of the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 8

Compress the urethra and maintain urinary continence

Question 9

Function of the bulbospongiosus (male)?

Answer 9

Relaxes to allow micturition, constricts to stop urine flow. Ejaculation in wave-like contractions.

Question 10

Function of the bulbospongiosus (female)?

Answer 10

Maintain erection. Expresses the secretions of the greater vestibular glands.

Question 11

Function of the ischiocavernosum (male)?

Answer 11

Maintain erection of penis by reducing venous return

Question 12

Function of the ischiocavernosum (female)?

Answer 12

Maintain erection of clitoris by reducing venous return

Question 13

Perineal muscles innervated by what?

Answer 13

Pudendal nerve S2-4.

Question 14

Deep perineal pouch contents (female)

Answer 14

Utherovaginal sphincter

External urethral sphincter

Question 15

Deep perineal pouch contents (male)

Answer 15

Urethra
External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineum
Bulbourethral glands

Question 16

What perforates the perineal membrane?

Answer 16

Urethra

Vagina

Question 17

Superficial perineal pouch contents (female)

Answer 17

Clitoris, Greater vestibular glands

Ischiocavernosus, Bulbospongiosus, Superficial transverse perineum

Question 18

Superficial perineal pouch contents (male)

Answer 18

Penis

Ischiocavernosus, Bulbospongiosus, Superficial transverse perineum

Question 19

Perineal fascia consists of what two layers?

Answer 19

Deep and superficial

Question 20

What attaches to the perineal body?

Answer 20

Levator ani
Bubospongiosus 
Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles 
External urethral sphincter 
External anal sphincter

Question 21

Clinical consequence of damage to the perineal body?

Answer 21

Pelvic organ prolapse, urinary/bowel incontinence

Question 22

Which structures pierce through pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 22

Urethra
Anal canal
Vagina (in women)

Question 23

Is urogenital triangle the one with the deep and superficial layers?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

Answer 24

Membranous urethra

Question 25

What is the widest part of the male urethra and why?

Answer 25

Prostatic urethra. Ejaculatory duct, vas deferens and prostatic secretions all open into this region.

Question 26

What muscles does the penis consist of?

Answer 26

2 corpus cavernosa, 1 corpus spongisum

Question 27

Corpus cavernosa is covered by what fascial layer?

Answer 27

Tunica albuginea

Question 28

The urethra is transmitted through the corpus cavernosa or the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 28

Corpus spongiosum

Question 29

Erection occurs in the corpus cavernosa or the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 29

Corpus cavernosa

Question 30

Sensory innervation of penis?

Answer 30

Dorsal nerve of the penis, branch of the pudendal nerve

Question 31

What is the fascia surrounding the penis?

Answer 31

Buck's fascia

Question 32

Where is the internal/vesical urethral sphincter located?

Answer 32

At the vesicourethral junction

Question 33

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What is its innervation?

Answer 33

Involuntary. Sympathetic innervation from inferior hypogastric plexus.

Question 34

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What is its innervation?

Answer 34

Voluntary. Pudendal nerve.

Question 35

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in females?

Answer 35

Arise from either side of inferior pubic rami

Question 36

What causes urinary incontinence (with relation to the pelvic floor)

Answer 36

Aging Prostate surgery (male) Childbirth (female)

Question 37

What are the contents of the vulva?

Answer 37

``` Mons pubis Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Vestibular gland Vestibule ```

Question 38

Innervation of vulva?

Answer 38

Pudendal nerve

Question 39

Blood supply of vulva?

Answer 39

Internal pudendal artery

Question 40

What is the vestibule enclosed in? What terminal aspects does it contain?

Answer 40

Labia minora | Urethra and vagina

Question 41

What is in the anal triangle?

Answer 41

Anal aperture External anal sphincter Ischioanal fossa Pudendal nerve

Question 42

What is the equivalent of the corpus cavernosa in the female? On that note, what does the male have that the female does not?

Answer 42

Clitoris | There is no equivalent of the corpus spongiosum.

Question 43

What is the pudendal canal also known as?

Answer 43

Alcock's canal

Question 44

What is in the pudendal canal?

Answer 44

Pudendal nerve Internal pudendal vessels nerve to obturator internus

Question 45

What structures do the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels supply?

Answer 45

Pelvic floor Perineum External genitalia (sensory)