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People & Discovery Flashcards

People and discoveries without year. (67 cards)

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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

Develops the pangenesis theory; believes that upon conception, various organ seedlings (gemmules) from the parents combine, and their respective parts are transmitted and blended together to form various parts of the offspring

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Publishes History of Animals and Generation of Animals

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Publishes Micrographia; uses the word “cell” to describe the structure of a cork

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4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Uses improved microscopes to study many biological specimens

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5
Q

Nicolaas Hartsoeker

A

Illustrates “homunculus” in microscopic observation of a sperm

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6
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Develops the scientific classification system and the binomial nomenclature system

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7
Q

Joseph Kolreuter

A

Systematically studies genetic crosses using tobacco plants

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8
Q

John Dalton

A

Describes red–green colorblindness

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9
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Proposes the inheritance of acquired traits theory

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10
Q

Robert Brown

A

Describes and names the “nucleus”

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11
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

Proposes that the nucleus plays a role in cell reproduction

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12
Q

Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, & Rudolf Virchow

A

Develop the cell theory

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13
Q

Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Jointly present the theory of evolution by natural selection

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14
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Publishes On the Origin of Species

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15
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Presents and publishes Experiments on Plant Hybridization

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16
Q

Friedrich Miescher

A

Discovers “nuclein” (DNA) in white blood cells, later known as nucleic acid

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17
Q

Robert Koch

A

Identifies the bacterium anthrax and associates microorganisms with infectious diseases

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18
Q

Walther Flemming

A

Describes the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis

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19
Q

August Weismann

A

Makes the connection between meiosis, sexual reproduction, and genetic variation and proposes the germ-plasm theory of heredity

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20
Q

Hugo de Vries

A

Names “pangenes” as the physical particle responsible for inheritance

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21
Q

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, & Erich von Tschermak

A

Independently rediscover and confirm Mendel’s principles of inheritance

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22
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A

Identifies the main blood types

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23
Q

Albrecht Kossel

A

Identifies the five nucleotides in the nuclear material

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24
Q

Udny Yule & William Castle

A

Observe the constant allele frequency in non-evolving populations

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25
Archibald Garrod
Describes the genetic disease alkaptonuria and “inborn errors of metabolism”
26
Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri
Observe chromosome separation during meiosis and link meiosis to Mendelian genetics; propose the chromosome theory of inheritance
27
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Proposes the theory of endosymbiosis
28
Edmund Beecher Wilson
Discovers the arrangement of sex chromosomes in humans
29
William Bateson
Coins the word “genetics” and shows some genes are linked (with Reginald Punnett)
30
Nettie Stevens & Edmund Wilson
Independently describe sex chromosomes: XX determines female; XY determines male
31
Godfrey Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg
Establish the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
32
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Discovers that chromosomes carry genes from his studies of flies; proposes sex-linked inheritance and provides evidence supporting the chromosome theory of inheritance
33
Alfred Sturtevant
Creates the first linkage map with Thomas Morgan
34
Estella Elinor Carothers
Demonstrates that chromosomes are independently sorted during cell division in grasshopper testes
35
Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright, & J.B.S.Haldane
Publish “The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Genetics” and launch the modern synthesis of evolution
36
Phoebus Levene
Identifies deoxyribose as a component of DNA
37
Fred Griffith
Discovers the transformation of bacteria using virulent and non-virulent bacteria
38
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Publishes “Genetics and the Origin of Species” and merges genetics and evolutionary biology
39
G. Ledyard Stebbins
Proposes polyploidy as a means of sympatric speciation
40
Edward Tatum & George Beadle
Propose the one gene encodes for one protein theory
41
Ernst Mayr
Proposes the “biological species concept”
42
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, & Maclyn McCarty
Isolate DNA as the genetic material
43
Werner Aber
Discovers restriction enzymes
44
Erwin Chargaff
Proposes the “Chargaff” rule of A-T, G-C pairing
45
Rosalind Franklin
Obtains X-ray diffraction images of DNA
46
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase
Demonstrate that DNA rather than proteins carry genetic information
47
Francis Crick & James Watson
Francis Crick & James Watson
48
Stanley Miller & Harold Urey
Demonstrate the formation of simple organic molecules from molecules thought to be abundant on early Earth
49
Matthew Meselson & Frank Stahl
Elucidate the mechanism of semiconservative replication of DNA
50
Arthur Kornberg & Severo Ochoa
Purify DNA polymerase I from E.coli
51
Howard Temin & Satoshi Mizutani
Discover reverse transcriptase
52
Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich J.Matthaei, Philip Leder, & Gobind Khorana
Resolve the genetic code as being comprised of triplet mRNA codons
53
Thomas Brock
Discovers thermophilic bacteria in Yellowstone National Park, which eventually leads to the discovery of Taq polymerase, which is used in PCR
54
Hamilton Smith & Kent Wilcox
Isolate and purify the first restriction enzyme, Hind II
55
Paul Berg
Produces the first recombinant DNA molecules
56
Stanley Cohen, JF Morrow & Annie Chang
Clone the first animal gene
57
Herb Boyer
Co-founds the first biotech company, Genentech
58
Frederick Sanger
Develops the chain termination method for sequencing DNA
59
Kary B Mullis
Describes the polymerase chain reaction
60
Collaborative project 1988
The Human Genome Project is launched
61
Thomas Cech & Sidney Altman
Discover ribozyme
62
Alec Jeffreys
Develops techniques for DNA fingerprinting
63
Francis Collins
Identifies the cystic fibrosis gene
64
Collaborative project - 1993
The Food and Drug Administration announces that the genetically modified Flavr Savr tomato is as safe as tomatoes bred by conventional means; it is the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption
65
Collaborative project - 1995
The development of automated sequencing technology accelerates genome projects
66
Collaborative project -2000
The Drosophila genome is completed; the Arabidopsis genome is completed; the human genome is reported to be completed.
67
Collaborative project - 2001
The sequence of the human genome is released, and the “post-genomic era” officially begins.

Genetics (2 decks)

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