Perception

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

information from gauges, indicators, and signs must be detected and interpreted correctly

Question 2

Color Perception

Answer 2

determine by the wavelength of light reflected from or emitted by an object

Question 3

Spectral colors

Answer 3

a color comprised of a single wavelength

Question 4

Non-spectral colors

Answer 4

a color comprised of more than one wavelength

Question 5

Additive mixing

Answer 5

combinations that increase the amount of light reflected (computer monitors)

Question 6

Subtractive mixing

Answer 6

combinations that reduce the amount of light reflected (paint)

Question 7

Hue

Answer 7

variations described by names such as red, purple, blue, orange, etc.

Question 8

Saturation

Answer 8

apparent purity, vividness, or richness

Question 9

Lightness

Answer 9

dark to light, physically measured in Luminosity, perceived as “brightness”

Question 10

Color Circle

Answer 10

developed by Isaac Newton, describes the dimensions of hue and saturation

Question 11

Trichromatic theory

Answer 11

human color vision, there are 3 types of photoreceptors, corresponding to blue, green, and red, that determine our color perception

Question 12

Short Cone

Answer 12

wavelength (blue) receptors, photopigment: cyanolabe

Question 13

Medium Cone

Answer 13

wavelength (green), photopigment: chlorolabe

Question 14

Long Cone

Answer 14

wavelength (red), photopigment: erythrolabe

Question 15

Color-Blind

Answer 15

color vision abnormality

Question 16

Dichromatic vision

Answer 16

missing one photopigment, have 2 but missing 3rd

Question 17

Protanopia

Answer 17

the long wavelength (red) cones do not contain the erythrolabe

Question 18

Deutanopia

Answer 18

the medium wavelength (green) cones do not contain chlorolabe

Question 19

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 19

color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: blue-yellow & red-green. Only one color can be signaled at a time

Question 20

Visual Acuity: Snellen Eye Chart

Answer 20

represents the clearness and sharpness of vision

Question 21

Contrast Sensitivity

Answer 21

represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image. A function of both contrast and the spatial frequency of what is being viewed

Question 22

Perceptual Organization

Answer 22

we don’t perceive color patches and gray and white blobs, we perceive distinct objects. The world we perceive is constructed by cues such as similarities and differences of color. Perception is organized to help us make sense of the world

Question 23

Gestalt

Answer 23

means “essence or shape of an entity’s complete form”

Question 24

Proximity

Answer 24

elements close together are perceived as a group

Question 25

Similarity

Answer 25

similar elements (in terms of color, form, or orientation) are perceived together

Question 26

Continuity

Answer 26

points connected in straight or smoothly curving lines are perceived together

Question 27

Closure

Answer 27

open curves are perceived as complete forms

Question 28

Common fate

Answer 28

elements moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as together

Question 29

Common region

Answer 29

an explicit boundary

Question 30

Connectedness

Answer 30

explicit lines

Question 31

Depth Perception

Answer 31

used to translate physiology and a 2D image on the retina into 3D spatial information

Question 32

Proprioception (Oculomotor Depth Cues)

Answer 32

ability to feel what your muscles are doing and where your limbs are positioned

Question 33

Accomodation

Answer 33

automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina

Question 34

Vergence

Answer 34

degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object

Question 35

Monocular Depth Cues (pictorial cues)

Answer 35

convey impressions of depth in a still image

Question 36

Interposition

Answer 36

nearer objects will block the view of more distant objects if they are in the same line of vision

Question 37

Size

Answer 37

the "bigness" of an object

Question 38

familiar size cue

Answer 38

familiar with how big an object is supposed to be

Question 39

relative size cue

Answer 39

not familiar with how big an object is supposed to be but there are multiples of different sizes than those

Question 40

Perspective

Answer 40

angles such as when you know something is rectangular but it appears trapezoidal

Question 41

Motion Parallax

Answer 41

apparent displacement or difference in position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight

Question 42

Binocular Depth Cues

Answer 42

can only be perceived with 2 eyes

Question 43

Binocular disparity

Answer 43

each eye receives a slightly different image of the world because of the eye's location (3D movies)

Question 44

Size and shape constancy

Answer 44

we tend to see objects as the same size despite how large the image on our retina

Question 45

Object motion

Answer 45

external object is moving, with a single stimulus moving in a stationary background, we can detect movement as slow as 0.5mm per second

Question 46

Induced motion

Answer 46

a stationary background causes movement to be attributed to the wrong part of a scene

Question 47

Apparent motion

Answer 47

discrete jumps of retinal images can produce the appearance of smooth motion (TV)

Question 48

Vision

Answer 48

(most important) Sense

Question 49

Auditory

Answer 49

information can be used to convey important information like an ambulance siren (really important sense)

Question 50

Skin senses or touch

Answer 50

provide feedback about things like temperature and if your hands are in the right place on the steering wheel

Question 51

Scents

Answer 51

can be important if you have propane leaking from your gas grill

Question 52

Taste

Answer 52

also plays a role in how we perceive the world, we are motivated to eat good tasting foods

Question 53

Steven's Law

Answer 53

Stevens developed a scale for measuring loudness in which the unit is called a sone

Question 54

Perceived loudness

Answer 54

a function of intensity and the length of time it was presented (longer sounds = louder & vice versa, but when continuous = loudness diminishes)

Question 55

Sound localization

Answer 55

the ability to locate sounds in space (closer ear hears louder sound)

Question 56

Vestibular System

Answer 56

inside ear, allows us to feel the movements of our bodies, works with vision and proprioception to control movements (involuntary)

Question 57

Somesthetic (Touch) System

Answer 57

(fingertips & mouth) detects facets of the environment that you can physically feel (sense of touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception)

Question 58

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 58

More sensitive areas have larger areas in the cortex

Question 59

Absolute thresholds

Answer 59

for touch are the smallest amount of touch that is detected, these vary across the body (lowest absolute threshold is on the face)

Question 60

Two-point thresholds

Answer 60

are obtained by asking participants if they can determine the distance between two stimuli on their skin, when they are perceived as one stimuli then they are below the two-point threshold (lowest two-point threshold is in the fingers)

Question 61

Passive touch

Answer 61

the skin is stationary and an external pressure stimulus is applied to it (use to obtain absolute & two-point thresholds)

Question 62

Active touch

Answer 62

the person contacts the stimulus by moving the skin (typing on keyboard w/o looking)

Question 63

4 taste qualities (tastebuds)

Answer 63

sweet, salty, sour and bitter, and savory

Question 64

Olfactory Epithelium

Answer 64

receptor cells in the nasal cavity