Perception Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

Horace Barlow (1921)?

A

Chief Proponent of Physiological response

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2
Q

What does the physiological approach to perception suggest?

A

That understanding neurones and how they react to perceptual stimuli (and eachother) is the way to understand perception

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3
Q

What are main techniques used to study the physiologial approach to perception?

A

Single unit electrophysiology. Psychophysics, Neuroimaging

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4
Q

Top down perception?

A

processing based on previously acquired knowledge

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5
Q

Example of top down perception?

A

“brainstorm / Green Needle” viral video

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6
Q

Bottom Up Processing?

A

Processing based on the stimuli reaching the receptors

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7
Q

Ecological approach?

A

Little to be gained from lab experiments, experiments must be done in the real world

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8
Q

Chief proponent of ecological approach?

A

James Gibson (1904 - 1979)

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9
Q

Theories of perception?

A

Physiological approach (indirect), Ecological Approach, (direct), Computational approach (indirect)

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10
Q

Measuring Perception - The phenomenological approach

A

describing what you see / feel etc. Similar to introspection with wundt, except focusing more on external stimuli

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11
Q

Absolute threshold?

A

Smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for an observer to detect a stimulus

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12
Q

What is the method of limits?

A

A method to measure absolute threshold, zoom in on absolute threshold, moving above and below it less and less

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13
Q

What is method of adjustment?

A

A crude method, requires the participant to change the intensity and say when they can sense something

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14
Q

Staircase method?

A

Usually begins with high intensity stimulus, then reduces down until participant cannot sense it, which then reverses directions and again, each point then gets averaged

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15
Q

JND?

A

Just Noticeable Difference

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16
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the ratio of the JND to the standard stimulus is constant

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17
Q

ΔI/I = k

A

The formula of Weber’s Law

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18
Q

What is the formula of Weber’s Law?

A

ΔI/I = k.

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19
Q

Magnitude estimation?

A

When subjects assign magnitude estimations to stimuli, their perception of magnitude is not accurate

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20
Q

advantage of observational studies in perception?

A

more ecologically valid

21
Q

Who is the chief proponent of the ecological approach to perception?

A
James Gibson (1904-1979)
``
22
Q

computational approach?

A

perception is information processing, transformation of sensory data from one form to another

23
Q

Gross anatomy of the visual system?

A

the retina, with rods and cones almost at the back of the retina. Optic nerves lie closest to the pupil

24
Q

What are the cells between the optic nerve and rods and cones?

A

Ganglion cells and blood vessels, bipolar and amacrine cells, then rods and cones

25
Which way do the outer segments of the rods and cones face?
away from the pupil
26
The receptive field is?
the region of retina, which, when stimulated, influences the firing rate of a neurone.
27
Phototransduction is?
The process of tranforming light energy into electrical signals
28
What is the first step of phototransduction?
photons of light are absorbed by the pigments in the rods and cones
29
What are the pigments in the outer segment of rods?
Rhodopsin
30
What do the photons do to the pigments in the rods and cones?
They force them to isomerise
31
What does isomerise mean?
this means that the molecules change shape, putting the molecule in an active state
32
What does activating the pigment in the receptors do?
triggers an enzyme cascade, eventually triggering an electrical response, in the photoreceptor
33
What are retinal ganglion cells?
type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina. receives signals from receptors, the more stimulation, the increased firing rate
34
What do retinal ganglion cells respond best to?
Contrast between the centre of that visual field and the surround, finding 'intensity edges'
35
What is the optic chiasm?
the crossover in the brain, where the optic nerves partially cross, located below the hypothalamus
36
The lgn is?
The lateral geniculate nucleus
37
What is the structure if the LGN?
a bilateral nucleus with 6 layers. 1,4,6 from contralateral eye. 2,3,5 from ipsolateral eye.
38
How is the LGN organised?
Retinotopically, the organsiation of the LGN largely reflects the organisation of the visual field
39
Why do optic nerves partially cross?
so the right hemisphere has all the information from the left visual field and vice versa.
40
Cells in different layers of the LGN that line up will...
have receptive fields in the same area
41
What is the shape of the receptive fields that report back to the LGN?
concentric
42
What type of cells are found in layers 1 and 2 of the LGN?
large bodied cells (magnocellular)
43
what do magnocellular cells largely do?
they have monochromatic responses, so mediate responses between light and dark
44
What type of cells are found in layers 3-6 of the LGN?
parvocellular cells, that mediate colour vision
45
why must there be some convergence involved in retinal function?
There are only 1 million axons in the optic nerve, yet are 120 million cones and 6 million rods, so there must be convergence
46
Which cells are responsible for convergence of signals from rods and cones?
horizontal and amacrine cells
47
what is visual electrophysiology?
Experiments (usually on animals) where tiny electrodes are placed close to or inside a visual neurone
48
What is the method of visual electrophysiology
animals are usually anaesthetised and paralysed, visual stimuli is presented whilst electrical signals are recorded