PERCEPTION

Question 1

bottom-up processing

Answer 1

individual elements of. stimulus are analysed and then combined to from a unified perception-data driven

Question 2

top-down processing

Answer 2

sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas and expectations- concept driven

Question 3

Gestalt meaning

Answer 3

German for pattern, whole or form- the wholes we perceive are often more then the sum of their parts.

Question 4

Gestalt- figure -ground relations

Answer 4

out tendency to organise stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background (horizon)

Question 5

Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation

Answer 5

• similarity
• proximity
• closure
• continuity

Question 6

gestalt laws of similarity

Answer 6

when parts of a configuration are perceived as similar, they will be perceived as belonging together

Question 7

gestalt laws of proximity

Answer 7

elements that are near to one another are likely to be perceived as part pf the same configuration

Question 8

gestalt law of closure

Answer 8

people tend to close the open edges of a figure or fill in gaps in an incomplete figure , so that their identification of the form is is more complete than what is actually there

Question 9

gestalt law of continuity

Answer 9

people link individual elements together so that they form a continuous line or pattern that makes sense

Question 10

percetual schema

Answer 10

a mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive features of a person, object, event of other perpetual phenomenon (top-down fashion)

Question 11

Gregory’s (1996) qualia

Answer 11

like flags, issues about the present that indemnify stimuli and experience in the here and now and prepare us for immediate action

Question 12

bayesian inference

Answer 12

involves conditional probability- probability that something is the case given the knowledge that something else is true (a child had chickenpox because they have lots of spots appearing on their face)

Question 13

perceptual constancies

Answer 13

allow us to recognise familiar stimuli under varying conditions

Question 14

shape constancy

Answer 14

allows us to recognise people and other objects from many different angles

Question 15

lightness constancy

Answer 15

the relative lightness of objects remains the same under different conditions of illumination

Question 16

size constancy

Answer 16

perception that the perceived size of objects remains relatively constant even thought imagine on the retina change inside with variations of distance

Question 17

Monocular depth cues

Answer 17

Only one eye is needed:

• patterns of light and shadow
• linear perspective
• interposition
• height in the horizontal plane
• texture
• clarity
• relative size
• motion parallax

Question 18

Binocular depth cues :binocular disparity

Answer 18

each eye sees a slightly different image

Question 19

Binocular depth cues : convergence

Answer 19

produced by feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inwards to view a close object

Question 20

stroboscopic movement

Answer 20

illusory movement produced when a light is briefly flashed in darkness and the, a few milliseconds later, another light is flashed nearby. The light is perceived to move from A to B.

Question 21

illusions

Answer 21

compelling but incorrect perceptions

Question 22

feature theory of face perception

Answer 22

Basic info about a person is perceived from their face, facial feature expressions are then processed. Th model of the face produced is consigned to memory where personal identity is coded along with these features.

Question 23

Thatcher illusion

Answer 23

eyes and mouth have been turned upside down even when it looks completely normal the the right way up

Question 24

prosopagnosia

Answer 24

lose the ability to recognise faces

Question 25

perception

Answer 25

our experience of the outside world

Question 26

primary visual pathway

Answer 26

the left and right visual field

Question 27

two streams hypothesis

Answer 27

processing of visual info takes place in two different visual pathways :
ventral stream: ‘what’ pathway (object)
dorsal stream: ‘where pathway (spatial) or ‘how’ pathway (guides)

Question 28

Bottom up processing- Marr (1982)

Answer 28

Primal Sketch

• detection of gradient, edges and boundaries
• outlines and features compared to original

2. 5D Sketch
   - depth, motion and shading

3D Sketch
-adds object recognition

Question 29

Ecological theory

Answer 29

claims we can receive info direct from environment without any higher order cognitive processing

Question 30

change blindness

Answer 30

failure to notice substantial objects or scene changes

Question 31

eye movements:

fixations

Answer 31

rests on fixed location

Question 32

eye movements:

saccades

Answer 32

between two fixations

Question 33

eye movements:

smooth pursuit

Answer 33

moving objects

Question 34

critical periods

Answer 34

during which certain kinds of experiences must occur in perceptual abilities and the brain mechanisms that underlie them are to develop normally
Blakemore and Cooper

Question 35

Cultural factors can …

Answer 35

…influence certain aspects of perception such as pictures and susceptibility to illusions, however most concepts are constant across cultures.