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PSYC1031 TERM 2 EXAM > PERSONALITY > Flashcards

PERSONALITY Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A
  • similarities and differences in people’s identities: patterns of behaviours, thoughts and feelings
  • understanding ousels and others by studying these comparisons
  • used to predict and explain patterns of response to life situations
  • somewhat consistent and enduring across lifetime and place
  • unique
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2
Q

Basis -Freud (1915)

A
  • personality is as a result of unconscious thoughts from early childhood
  • dynamic interplay of conflicting inner motivational forces to release psychic energy (libido)
  • worked with conversion hysteria patients
  • they improved when repressed memories are re-experienced
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3
Q

Mental events

A

Conscious: immediate awareness
Preconscious: not aware right now but is retrievable
Unconscious: wishes, feelings and impulses
-stores majority of mental events
-revealed the Freudian slip

Balance of the Ego, Superego and Id. Anxiety is caused by a conflict between the ego and id.

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4
Q

Defence mechanisms -Ego

A
  • unconscious mental operations that distort or deny reality
  • protect us short term
  • excessive use is bad and can cause mental problems
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5
Q

Defence mechanisms - repression

A

pushes impulses/memories into unconscious mind

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6
Q

Defence mechanisms -Denial

A

refusal to acknowledge anxiety arousing aspects

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7
Q

Defence mechanisms -Displacement

A

impulse is repressed and directed at a safer substitute

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8
Q

Defence mechanisms -intellectualisation

A

impulse is repressed and situation is dealt with as an intellectual event

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9
Q

Defence mechanisms -projection

A

impulse is repressed and attributes to other people

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10
Q

Defence mechanisms -rationalisation

A

false explanation for behaviour or event that occurred

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11
Q

Defence mechanisms -Reaction formation

A

impulse is regressed ands psychic energy finds release in exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour

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12
Q

Defence mechanisms -Sublimation

A

repressed impulse is released in the form of socially acceptable or admired behaviour

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13
Q

Psychosexual stages of development - basis

A
  • deprivation or over indulgence results in fixation

- regression during stressful situations

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14
Q

Psychosexual stages of development -Oral

A
  • birth
  • eating and sucking
  • self indulgence or dependency; drinking and smoking
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15
Q

Psychosexual stages of development- Anal

A
  • age 3
  • elimination (emptying bowls)
  • expulsive/disorganised if toilet training was relaxed
  • retentive/ organised if toilet training was harsh
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16
Q

Psychosexual stages of development - Phallic

A
  • age 4/5
  • Sexual (Opedipus and Electra complexes resolve through identification
  • vain, attention-seeking, or sexually aggressive
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17
Q

Projective tests

A
  • to uncover unconscious desires and rectify anxiety from the conflict between is and ego

Rorschach inkblot test: “What does this look like?

Thematic apperception test (TAT): interpret stories from ambiguous pictures

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18
Q

Limitations

A
  • untestable because so complex
  • lacks empirical evidence
  • tests are subjective and unreliable
  • biased towards European males
  • too much focus on sexuality
  • personality continues throughout life
  • too deterministic, no free will

other explanations:
Alfred Adler: inferiority complex
Carl jung: motivation forces

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19
Q

Theory

A
  • positive side of psychology
  • innate drive towards self actualisation
  • freedom we have to guide personal growth
20
Q

Hierachy of needs -Maslow (1943, 1954)

A 
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Self esteem
Cognitive
Self actualisation
21
Q

Self actualised people- peak experiences

A

feelings of ecstasy, Harmony and deep meaning

22
Q

Self actualised people- efficient perceptions of reality

A

judge situations correctly, in line with reality

23
Q

Self actualised people- continued freshness of appreciation

A

renewed appreciation for life

24
Q

Self actualised people- acceptance of self, others and nature

A

comfortable with flaws of self and others

25
Q

Self actualised people- spontaneity

A

tackle problems and challenges in new ways rathe than hampered by convention

26
Q

Self actualised people- some other characteristics

A
  • task centring
  • autonomy
  • profound interpersonal relationships
  • comfort with solitude
  • non-hostile sense of humour
  • few friends
  • socially compassionate
27
Q

Person centred Theory-Rogers (1951)

A
  • strive to becoming fully functional individuals
  • self concept: beliefs about who you are
  • need for self-consistency, to avoid conflicts between out self-perceptions
  • strive for congruency
28
Q

Rogers (1951) Congurency

A

congruency between ideal self and the perceived self :

Congruency: self concepts match reality = self actualisation

Incongruence: maladaptive= deny reality/ problems with living
OR
adaptive= modify self concept/ self growth (Bettie for this to be flexible)

29
Q

Self perception profile questionnaires

A

Harter (1986, 2012)

  • assessed congruency though a discrepancy score
  • importance minus competence
30
Q

Innate psychosocial needs- Unconditional positive regard

A
  • parents foster congruence and positive self concept
  • love child unconditionally
  • not attached to external factors of success
31
Q

Innate psychosocial needs- Conditional positive regard

A
  • parents foster incongruence and negative self concept
  • love is dependent on behaviour
  • results in fluctuation of self esteem
32
Q

Innate psychosocial needs- 3 important elements

A

…that foster personal growth:

  • genuineness
  • acceptance (unconditionally)
  • empathy
33
Q

limitations

A
  • too subjective
  • untestable, hard to examine scientifically
  • lower needs do not always have to be satisfied
  • biased sample on white European
  • hierarchy reflects Western values
  • extremely influential, inspired theories on wellbeing and motivation (Deci and Ryan’s self determination theory)
34
Q

theory

A

Behaviour is determined by traits: fundamental and relatively stable cognitive, emotional and behavioural category.

  • personality is a degree to which an individual possessed a particular dimension
  • we are all somewhere on the continuum
  • using psychometric tests
35
Q

Lexical Approach

A
  • important characterises should be commonly used and embedded in language
  • Allport and Obert (1936)- factor analysis- finds groups of variables that correlate with one another
36
Q

Cattell’s personality Factors (1946)

A
  • rating scale
  • adjectives are clustered into traits
  • 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
    e. g. warmth, liveliness, sensitivity, tension, privateness, abstractedness
37
Q

Eyseneck’s Two Factor Theory (1967)

A

-introversion-extraversion
-neuroticism-stability
= produces diverse personality patterns

Revised questionnaire:
Psychoticism: aggressive and impulsive vs cooperative and controlled

  • still too over simplistic
38
Q

Five Factor Theory - Goldberg (1991), McCrae and Costa (2003)

A
  • 5 factors each with six subtypes
  • measured using NEO-PI-R
OCEAN 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
  • metaanalysis highlights gender differences
  • varies across cultures
39
Q

Esyneck’s (1967) Biological Theory

A
  • 40% heritability
  • resting comical arousal patterns in rain are due to genetic variations

We need to maintain optimal levels of arousal:
Introverts: need to minimise overall arousal
Extroverts: need to stimulate under-arousal
Neurotic: sudden shifts in arousal
Stable: gradual, less extreme changes

40
Q

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory- Grey (1982)

A

Personality due to variations in sensitivity to reward and punishment.

Behavioural approach system (BAS): sensitivity to rewards

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS): sensitivity to punishment

41
Q

Limitations

A
  • only modest correlation between childhood and adulthood personality
  • low to moderate correlation between behaviour and emotions
  • doesn’t account for situational factors and environment

*showed us the value of identifying, classifying and measuring personality

42
Q

theory

A

reciprocal determinism: dispositions, behaviours and environment all interact to influence each other

43
Q

Locus of Control- Rotter(1966)

A

Degree of personal control over life.

Internal: outcomes under out control
External: outcomes due to external

  • acquired thought patterns of reinforcement (whether your efforts were rewarded with success or failure e.g. learnt helplessness)
  • harsh rather than worm parenting leads to E-LOC
44
Q

Self efficacy- Bandura (1997)

A

One’s belief in ability to perform behaviours needed to achieve desired outcome.

Determinants:

  • previous performance experiences
  • observable learning
  • verbal persuasion (feedback)
  • emotional arousal- interpretations and management of stress and anxiety
45
Q

Implications

A
  • Motivation : I-LOC seek out info for success and behave in a more self determines manner
  • Academic achievement and success
  • Job and Athletic performance
  • Health and wellbeing : I-LOC better for management , E-LOC: associated with depression
46
Q

Limitations

A
  • self efficacy scales do not identify underlying factors that determine self efficacy
  • high self efficacy may lead to negative outcomes
  • choices and motivations baed on other factors (personal values/ social norms)

*strong scientific base bringing together two well established perspectives to explain personality

PSYC1031 TERM 2 EXAM (11 decks)

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