Perception and Memory (PSYM207)

Question 1

The process of perceiving through the senses

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

Set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from the environment

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

Awareness of 3-dimensionality, solidity, and the distance between the observer and the object

Answer 3

Depth Perception

Question 4

Set of theories that explain perception starts with the stimuli we take into our eye, these are stimuli-driven

Answer 4

Bottom Up Theories

Question 5

Gibson’s theory, explains that all the information in our sensory receptors, including sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything

Answer 5

Direct Perception

Question 6

This refers to how our environment supplies us with all the information we need for perception, so there is no need for higher cognitive processes

Answer 6

Ecological Perception

Question 7

These are theories that suggest we have stored templates in our mind and these are highly detailed models for patterns we could potentially recognize

Answer 7

Template Theories

Question 8

True or False: Template theories support the idea that expertise can be acquired even just through storing information in short-term memory

Answer 8

False, when info is stored in the long term memory, one can master its recognition

Question 9

This set of theories explain that we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to a whole template

Answer 9

Feature-Matching Theories

Question 10

This theory explains our ability to perceive 3D objects with the help of simple geometric shapes

Answer 10

Recognition by Components Theory

Question 11

This set of theories explains how the perceiver builds a cognitive understanding of stimuli and higher order thinking is needed for perception

Answer 11

Top Down Theories

Question 12

This is an occurrence that suggests that what we sense in our sensory organs sometimes is not necessarily what we perceive

Answer 12

Perceptual Illusions

Question 13

When does vision begin?

Answer 13

When light passes through the protective covering of the eye

Question 14

This is the change in the direction and speed of the light entering the eyes

Answer 14

Refraction

Question 15

This is a severe deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information

Answer 15

Agnosias

Question 16

This is a disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex where an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time

Answer 16

Simultagnosia

Question 17

This is when an individual has a severely impaired ability to recognize human faces

Answer 17

Prosopagnosia

Question 18

True or False: Anomalies in color perception are more common in men than women

Answer 18

True

Question 19

This is when an individual is unable to perceive motion, it only appears as a series of snapshots

Answer 19

Akinetopsia

Question 20

Who pioneered the Traditional Memory Model?

Answer 20

William James

Question 21

Primary Memory: _____ memory ; Secondary Memory: _____ memory

Answer 21

Temporary, Permanent

Question 22

In the Traditional Memory Model, what are the 3 main memory stores?

Answer 22

Sensory store (can store a limited amount of info for a brief span of time)
Short-term store (can store info for a longer period but limited capacity)
Long-term store (large capacity, can store info for very long periods)

Question 23

This is a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for a very short period of time, it can only hold 9-12 symbols

Answer 23

Iconic Store

Question 24

This is when the production of output interferes with the phenomenon being studied (i.e verbally reporting multiple symbols may interfere with the reports of iconic memory)

Answer 24

Fading Phenomenon

Question 25

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model, this is where info is stored in the long term

Answer 25

Permastore

Question 26

These are the 3 main sequential stages of memory processes

Answer 26

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 27

What is the difference between Short-term storage and Long-term storage of memory?

Answer 27

• Short term stores more acoustic info, while long term stores semantic info
• STM can retain visual info for 1.5 seconds and is vulnerable to decay, while LTM can remember words and meanings for a long time

Question 28

This is when we reflect on our own memory

Answer 28

Metamemory

Question 29

This is the process of integrating new information to stored information

Answer 29

Consolidation

Question 30

Memory rehearsal by _____ discusses how the distribution of practice sessions over time makes memories stronger

Answer 30

Ebbinghaus

Question 31

What is the difference between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 31

Elaborative - items to be remembered are elaborated
Maintenance - items are repeated over and over

Question 32

What is the difference between overt and covert rehearsal?

Answer 32

Overt - aloud and obvious
Covert - silent and hidden

Question 33

What is the difference between retrospective memory and prospective memory?

Answer 33

Retrospective - memories from the past
Prospective - memories for the things we need to remember about the future

Question 34

What is the difference between parallel and serial processing?

Answer 34

Parallel - memory is retrieved by simultaneous handling of multiple operations
Serial - memory is retrieved one after another in succession

Question 35

A form of information recall where memories are retrieved through cues

Answer 35

Cued Recall

Question 36

A form of information recall where the most memories are retrieved in any order

Answer 36

Free Recall

Question 37

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference in memory distortion?

Answer 37

Retroactive - distortion is caused by activity after learning info, but before recall
Proactive - distortion is caused by activity before learning the information

Question 38

This theory says that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance rather than the displacement of the memory trace

Answer 38

Decay Theory

Question 39

These memories are those that have been pushed down to the unconscious because of the distress they cause

Answer 39

Repressed memories

Question 40

These memories are of an event so powerful and remembered so vividly. This might be because of the emotional intensity, moods, and states of consciousness

Answer 40

Flashbulb memories

Question 41

In the Integrative Memory Model, this part holds the most recently activated portion of long term memory, and moves elements in and out of temporary memory

Answer 41

Working Memory

Question 42

This part of the Integrative Memory Model briefly holds visual images

Answer 42

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 43

This part of the Integrative Memory Model briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and acoustic rehearsal

Answer 43

Phonological Loop