Perception and mental imagery Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
perception
A
the ability to recognize and interpret information from the senses
2
Q
perception as construction
A
we construct it form the pieces of information we have
3
Q
modal completion
A
when your view of the illusory object is not obstructed, and no objective boundary between the illusory object and background
4
Q
Amodal completion
A
when you seem to percieve an object despite an apparently obstructed view
5
Q
visual cognition
A
research on the cognitive processes that contribute to perception
6
Q
bottom up infro
A
sensory input we recieve (ie, sound stimulating the cohclea)
7
Q
sensation
A
stimulation of sensory receptors
8
Q
top down info
A
knowledge and expectations we have, that influence and enhance the way we interpret and respond to sensory input
9
Q
does perception us top down or bottum up info
A
bOTH
10
Q
what type of info processing facilitates object recognition
A
top down
*knowledge of context can help interpretation
11
Q
helmholtz view on perception as a construction
A
he described this as unconscious inference, where we combine both bottom up and top down information to make the most accurate interpretation of reality.
12
Q
predicitive coding
A
brain predicts what the eyes are about the receive, in a addition to inferences about input already received.
13
Q
is perception cognitively impenetrable
A
If perception is cognitively impenetrable, it means your beliefs, desires, or knowledge cannot directly change what you perceive.
If it’s not cognitively impenetrable (i.e., it’s penetrable), then cognition can influence perception—like what you believe or expect can actually change what you see.
14
Q
object segmentation
A
when we have to differentiate between an object and its background
15
Q
object segmentation example
A
rubin vase figure, showing from one perspective, a vase and another two peoples side profile
16
Q
rule of encolusre
A
one of the regions surrouns the other
17
Q
rule of symmetry
A
one region is more symmetrical than the other
18
Q
rule of convexity
A
if the shape has a contour making a bulge (convex), and the other side caves in (concave) , the convex will be percieved as the figure
19
Q
rule of meaningfulness
A
we assign ‘figure’ status on the basis of a meaningful side of the boundary
20
Q
why is the figure - ground organization less efficient in older adults
A
bc of their weaker inhibitory processes
21
Q
occlusion
A
the fact that our views of objects are partially blocked by other objects and is another obstacle we encounter when making sense of a visual scene.
22
Q
boundary extension
A
where people tend to remeber pictures as extended beyond their edges.
23
Q
amodal completion
A
brain fills in and infers missing information with the most plausible explanation
we engage in amodal completion so efficenetly that we don’t realize out view is obsucured.
24
Q
inverse projection
A
the facct that we live in a 3d world, but our eyes percieve input as 2D.
b/c retina is flat, and it converts the images into neural sigmals that the brain can reconstuct into a 3d rep.
25
binocular disparity
the closer something is, the clearer that difference becomes
26
binocular depth cues
cues that require both eyes to be effective, to percieve.
27
monocular depth cues
cues your mind uses to construct 3d undertsnaind of 2d images case on the retina
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linear perspective
way parallel lines appear to move closer together and converge to a single point (vanishing point) as they move further into the distance
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texture gradient
the textural elements appearing smaller and more densely packed as they recede into the distance
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object constancy
the ability to recognize objects despite their orientation
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size constancy
the fact that we perceive the size of objects as very stable despite how different they can be projected into the retina.
32
colour constancy
the effect of our visual system in factoring different in illumination when shaping our colour perception
33
lightness constancy
the similar ability to factor in illumination conditions when percieving the brightness or something
34
early stages of perception and object recognition
basic features: orientation, colour and motion
35
later stages of perception and object recognition
analyze and combine these to recognize objects; faces, scene.
36
agnosia two types
the inability to recognize objects
lack the ability to match images to their correct categories and labels
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agnosia two types
damage to the early system
damage to the late system
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apperceptive agnosia
early vision is impaired
unable to copy images
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associative agnosia
early vision is intact
ind can copy what they see but later stages of recognition and categorization is imapired
40
two approaches to object recognition
1. view based approach
2. templates
41
view based approach
states we match images to 2d representations or templates
42
templates
represenations that fully describe the shape of an object
recognized objects that match
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structural descriptions
models that represent objects as sets of 3d parts in a spatial relationship with each other
models can anazlye something quickly regardless of it orientation
44
recognition by components (bierderman)
proposes there is an alphabet of 36 of less basci shapes (geons)
combo od diff geons allows object recognition, yielding millions of distinct structures.
45
holisitic perception
we percieve a whole objects at once, including the relation of the parts to each other
46
when was ventral cortex (bottom brain) more active
when asked to focus on obects
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dorsal cortex (top brain) more active
location tasks
48
"what " ___ "where" ___"how"___
identifies
locates
explains
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mental imagery
act of performing percept in your mind; without sensory input
50
mental imagery important for
activities like giving directions, visualizing something, coming up with solutions to problems
51
aphantasia
the inability to engage in mental imagery. cannot generate images in their minds
52
method of loci
memory strategy, where one imagines the objects they're trying to remember in an imaginary room
53
mental rotation
the ability to compare and match rotated objects
54
mental imagery as depicitive
kosslyn claimed
represents mental images
ie, cat physcially under table
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mental imagery as propositional
opposing debate by pylyshn
mental images are help in a post perceptual abstract way
words cat under table (nouns)
56
a coloured map is ____
verbal directions are ___
depictive
propositional
57
what part of brian is often studied when looking at mental imagery
occipital cortex
58
spatial neglect
occurs when individuals cannot visually attend to one side of their visual fields
inability to see on the right/left hand sides
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occipital cortex study: judment about pairs of stimuli
ind variable
dep variable
ind: visual info (perception or imagery
TMS - magnetic pulse (real of sham)
dep: rxn time
60
occipital cortex study: judment about pairs of stimuli
results
slower reaction time in imagery than in perception condition
slower reaction time in the real condition than in the sham interaction
NO INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO: tms had same effect in perception and imagery
THUS, occipital cortex is causally involved in imagery
61
attention
a family of cognitive mechanisms that combine to help us select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant to behaviour
62
info processing abilities are "capacity related"
can only handle. a-little at a time
63
external attention
how we attend outwardly, select ad modulate sensory information
64
internal attnetion
how we select, modulate and maintain internally generated info
65
eye tracking
used to study attention
cameras record what the participant looks at
66
who first mentioned saccades (eye movements)
yarbus (1967)
tools are said to measure overt attention - led to autism diagnoses
67
covert attention
possible to look at one place while directing attention elsewhere
68
selection
signalling out certain pieces of info, among many
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voluntary attention
effort to select goal-relevent info
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reflexive attention
attending to stimuli bc they have caught out attention
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spatial attention
the ability to attend to regions in space and create a spotlight of whatever falls within its focus
*can act like zoome lens, focusing on small region in high detail
72
posner cueing task
this task is used to reveal the movement of attention in space
using cues showed that ppl can be faster and more accurate at responding to targets when a cue predicts their location
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posner cueing 2 types
endogenous
exogenous
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endogenous (central) cue
engages in voluntary attention, appears between potential target locations, and symbolically indicates where the target is likely to appear
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exogenous (peripheral cue
engages in reflexive attention and appears at target locations (instead of between them)
76
inhibition of return
processing is even suppressed
attention inhibited from returning to that spot
- help out ability to find things ie, friend in a crowd
77
change blindess video
shows that even though you are looking at something doesn't mean you are paying attention to it
78
biased competition
argues that attention solves the competition between all the visual info in the visual fields
79
dichotic listening task
2 diff audio tracks
asked to attend to one and after are asked questions on the ignored song
(ie, basic things can recall such as gender but not meaning)
80
broadbents filter model attention (1958)
NEED TO KNOW THIS MODEL
argues that selection occurs early based on physical properties
81
cocktail party effect
don't hear until your NAME - process mumbling until a meaningful
82
triesmans attention model
leaky filter model
NEED TO KNOW THIS MODEL
argues that there is first a filter with an additional "dictionary" unit that decided if info is meaniful to you ie, name, help, fire
83
load theory of attention
explains when its early vs late attention
extent to which you process task irrelevant stimuli (attentional capture) depends on the perceptual load
84
perceptual load
number of task relevant stimuli that are presented (set size)
ie
high load = 200
low load = 1
under high load you don't have distraction of irrelevent stimuli
in low load you are easily distarcted by irrelevent stimuli
85
2 type sof distractor
congruent / compatible
incongruent / incompatible
86
perceptual load congruent vs incongruent rxn time results
difference between the 2 is much larger for low load than for high load due to irrevlent distractor
87
perceptual load and working memory load
predict the opposite !!
88
high working memory load will lead to
low
lots of distraction
not
89
difference score
subtract congruent from incongruent
90
feature based attention
when you are able to filter out info based on features
ie, shape, colour
91
temporal attention
selective attnetion to an object, over a point in space
evidence suggests that objects themselevs can be units of attention
92
bottom up selection
driven by the salience of physical features
93
top down selection
in favour of goal relevent items
94
arousal biased competition
theory claims these effects are magnified when emotional arousal is experienced
95
early selection
claims we attend to stimuli based on physical features - meaning is registered only after selection
96
late selection
processing everything meaning before we sleect what we want to atten to, eventually evidence was produced that attention can operate at many points during info processing
97
preattentive processing
extent to which we process info before attentionally selecting it
98
parallel processing
we take in sensory info quickly and all at one
99
serial processing
slower processing
100
modulation
The brain’s ability to adjust or fine-tune how much attention is given to certain stimuli based on goals, context, or relevance.
ex: you’re in a noisy café, but you focus on your friend's voice — you're modulating your auditory attention.
101
vigilance
: The ability to sustain attention over a period of time and be ready to detect infrequent, unpredictable signals.
You're waiting for a timer to beep while cooking — you’re staying alert = high vigilance.
102
attentional preoccupation
causes us to miss obvious things
103
in-attentional blindness
phenomenom where people fail to notice an unexpected item in fron of them
104
change blindess
refers to the failure to notice large changes from oe view to the next, reflect another failure of awarness in the abscence of attention
105
diff between change blindess and inattentional blindess
Change blindness is when you don’t notice a change because your attention wasn’t on the changing part, (chaneg color shirt in a movie)
while inattentional blindness is when you miss something completely because you weren’t expecting it or paying attention t
106
attentional blink
short gap in attention where you miss something right after noticing something else, because your brain is still busy processing the first thing.
107
two stage model
suggests all info is identified eatly on, but deteriorates if it it not consolidated in visual short term memory
108
implicit attention
happens automatically without you thinking about it.
Example: You suddenly look at a loud noise without meaning to.
109
explicit attention
is intentional — you choose what to focus on.
Example: You focus on reading a book.
110
Endogenous cues
Internal and voluntary — you choose to pay attention.
Usually symbolic (like an arrow pointing somewhere).
Example: An arrow points right, so you look right.
111
exogenous cues
External and automatic — your attention is pulled without trying.
Usually sudden or flashy.
Example: A light suddenly flashes on the left, and you look left.
112
attentional capture
s when something grabs your attention automatically, without you choosing to focus on it.
Example: A loud bang or flashing light pulls your attention instantly.
113
is video games and attention causal or correlational
correlational
114
overt attention
spatial attention by moving eyes
115
covert attention
spatial attention without moving eyes
116
posner cueing
It’s a basic psychology experiment that checks how fast you react to something based on where your attention is directed before the target appears.
117
Valid Cue:
Invalid Cue:
Cue correctly points to the target.
Cue points the wrong way.
118
a spatial cueing task with a peripheral cue (sudden onset ) that is 50%valid measure s
exogenous
The cue appears suddenly in the periphery (like a flash on one side of the screen).
It's not reliable (50% valid), so people can’t choose to trust it.
119
100% Valid Cue =
Top-Down Attention
You can trust the cue every time.
So you use it strategically and direct your attention on purpose.
120
✅ 50% Valid Cue =
Bottom-Up Attention
The cue is unreliable — it’s right only half the time.
You can’t plan or base your attention on it.
121
emotional state
negative - > narrows attention
positive -> broadens attention
122
how does attentional field change when afraid
narrow to the center, process info and inibit peripheral info (weapon focused affect)
123
Global Processing (Big Picture)
Focus: You look at the whole picture.
Example: You see the entire forest.
124
Local Processing (Details)
Focus: You zoom in on the small details.
Example: You look closely at a single tree in the forest.
125
Broaden-and-Build Theory (by Barbara Fredrickson)
126
when in a positive state do u obseve things more lobally or locally
increase attentional window and process more globally
