Perception basics and patter recognition

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

the process of the sensory organs transforming physical energy into neurological impulses

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

Question 3

PsychoPhysics

Answer 3

the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience.

Question 4

Basic Principles when it comes to sensation and perception:

Answer 4

• there is not a one-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality
• are active processes (activley taking in information)
• are adaptive (help us survive)

Question 5

Perception processes

Answer 5

response → representation→proximal stimulus→ distal stimulus

Question 6

Distal stimulus

Answer 6

whats actually out there

Question 7

Proximal stimulus

Answer 7

• sensory info impinging on sensory receptors
• have info about the proximal stimulus but not the distal stimulus

Question 8

Illusory Contours

Answer 8

perceptual system fills in the gaps that are not present in the image (the triangle and square illusions)

Question 9

Perception as induction:

Answer 9

• perception makes inferences to simplify interpretation of sensory info
• with partial or missing sensory information, perception must fill in the gaps to infer what is out there in the world

Question 10

top-down processing

Answer 10

It refers to how our brain utilizes existing knowledge and expectations to interpret new sensory information.

Question 11

bottom-up processing

Answer 11

sensory data and goes up to the brain’s integration of this sensory information
-perception changes based on what you expect to see

Question 12

Gesalt Principles: Proximity

Answer 12

things that are next to each other are automatically grouped together

Question 13

Gesalt Principles: similarity

Answer 13

things that are similer probably go together

Question 14

Gesalt Principles: good continuation

Answer 14

if lines intersect we see the line is continuing on

Question 15

Gesalt Principles: closure

Answer 15

if one object is covering another object we see it as overlapping not missing

Question 16

Pattern recognition:

Answer 16

• translated patterns of sensory information into psychological experiences of recognizable objects
• pattern recognition matches sensory info to represent in memory

Question 17

Template Matching

Answer 17

simple notion is that objects are matched to a template stored in memory

Question 18

Feature Analytic Approach

Answer 18

• break stimuli into smaller components and then using those feature to recognize the objects
• recognition based on detection of distinktive features
• objects are defines by their unique set of features

Question 19

Physiological Basis for Feature Theory

Answer 19

• microelectrode recording of axons in primary visual cortex of animals
• trying to see what the features of the neuron firing to
• showed the animal different stimuli to see their differences in neural firing
• moved the line on the projector and the nueron fired

Question 20

feature detectors

Answer 20

neurons that respond selectivley to lines, edges etc.

Question 21

Simple Cells

Answer 21

receptive field responds to linear stimuli at a particular orientation

Question 22

Complex Cell

Answer 22

receptive fields responds optimally to a stimuli at a particular orientation and move in a particular direction

• when it moves up in the visual field the cell fires and when it goes down it doesn’t fire

Question 23

Hypercomplex Cells:

Answer 23

recepetive fields optimally responsive to movement, orientation and length

Question 24

Feature analytic Approach

Answer 24

• complex representations must be built up of simple representations present in early vision
• simple features early in the cortex get more complex the further up you go

Question 25

complex feature detection in monkeys

Answer 25

neurons fire when the monkeys saw a monkey faces and as the monkey face turns the neuron fires less and doesnt fire at all when its unanimate objects

Question 26

Feature Analysis in Audition

Answer 26

understanding of spoken languages is notable example of feature analysis in perception