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PSY 305 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

three things we can observe about the problem

A

ourselves, stimulus response relationships

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1
Q

What is the problem with cognitive PSY?

A

how to observe the mind
-stimuli -> ?? -> response

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2
Q

Introspection

A

gives people different stimuli and then ask them to describe it
-you have awareness of your mind you just have to convey it

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3
Q

Problems with introspection

A

its difficult to verify, relies on people to be honest and towards the end of the mental process it is hard to explain

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4
Q

Law of Effect

A

responses that produce a satisfying effect after a particular stimulus are likely to occur again and vice versa

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5
Q

Cat study w/ Throndike

A

puts cat in cage -> cat meows but then learns to escape by pulling lever to leave -> cat gets put back in cage numerous times and slowly it pulls the lever quicker
-Conclusion: cat learned that crying would work so it opened the cage

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6
Q

Skinner: Science of Behavior

A

emphasizes on observable phenomena

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7
Q

Tolmans rat experiment:

A

the rats figured out the maze over time, then is able to efficently go through it equally as fast even in water (Cog Maps)

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8
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

a mental representation of where you are and the surroundings around you

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9
Q

Behaviorism

A

focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

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10
Q

Problems with behaviorism

A

-Cant account for diversity in human behavior
-limitation to observable behavior isnt necesarily science

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11
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

can’t directly observe mental processes and must guess on whats going on
-uses experimental research methods to study internal mental processes
-stimulus -> ?? -> response

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12
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

study of mental processes
-Ex:perception, attention, memory, decision making

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13
Q

Assumptions about cognitive psychology

A
  • intelligent behavior is decomposable into parts → each part will be easier to understand the whole → eventually understanding the parts and how they fit together will complete our understanding
  • Trying to reverse engineer the mind.
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14
Q

mental chronometry

A

the scientific study of cognitive processing speed

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15
Q

Info Processing stages

A

stimulus-> processing -» more processing -> response

-each of these stages recieve info from prior stages, transforms info and sends it to the next stage

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16
Q

Stages of memory

A

encoding (building memory) -> storage (gets retrieved when needed) -> retrieval (memory resurfaces when needed)

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17
Q

Donders reaction time test

A

three seperate tasks: you hit the button as fast as you can depending on the time, and you try to differenciate color and shape

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18
Q

simple reaction time (donders)

A

2 stages: stimulus → s1: detection → s2: response → simple reaction time

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19
Q

Go/No Go reaction test: (donders)

A

3 stages: stimulus → s1: detection → discrimination → response → go/no-go reaction time

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20
Q

Choice Key (Donders)

A

4 stages: stimulus → s1: detection → s2: Discrimination (color) → s3: selection (hands) → s4: response - Choice reaction time

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21
Q

Subtraction method:

A
  • s → detection → discrimination → response → 340 ms
  • s → detection → response - 220 ms
  • discrimination takes 120 seconds → 340-220=120
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22
Q

Hicks Law:

A

reaction time increases as the number of choices decreases → less stages if there are less choices

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23
Q

Contribution on Cognitivism:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • the idea that you can measure mental processes
  • similer assumptions in modern research
  • nueroimaging methods frequently use subtraction method.
24
Underlying Assumptions of cognitivism
-cognition is like a computer program -analysis: intelligent behavior is decomposable into parts -once we understand the parts it will complete our understanding
25
Information Processing Stages
Each stage receives info from previous stage transforms info and sends info to the next stage
26
Hicks Law
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases as well
27
Sensation
stimulation of sense organs
28
Perception
selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input
29
Top-down Processes
perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge -cognitive processes -> perception -> sensation
30
Distal stimulus
whats actually out there
31
Proximal Stimulus
sensory info impinging on sensory receptors that elicit a response -have info about the proximal stimulus but not the distal stimulus
32
Bottom-up processes
the sensory perception of the outside stimuli, the stimuli being processed in the brain, and then finding meaning from analysis based only on data --distal stimulus -> sensation -> perception perception changes based on what you expect to see
33
Gestalt principle: closure
if one object is ecluding another object we see it as overlapping not missing
34
Gestalt principle: pattern recognition
Pattern recognition translating patterns of sensory signals into psychological experiences of recognizable objects * Pattern recognition matches sensory info to representations in memory
35
Feature Analytic Approach
Break stimuli into smaller components. * Recognition of distinctive features * Objects are defined by their unique set of features * Reduces to finite categories
36
Physiological Basis for Feature Theory
Microelectrode recording of axons in primary visual cortex of animals – Discovered feature detectors: neurons that respond selectively to lines, edges, etc.
37
Simple cells
receptive field responds to linear stimuli at a particular oreintation
38
Complex Cells
receptive field responds optimally to stimuli at a particular orientation and moves in a particular direction
39
Hypercomplex cells
receptive fields optimally responsive to movement, orientation and length
40
Feature Analyses in Audition
Understanding of spoken language is notable example of feature analysis in perception. * Consonants have definable features – Place of articulation: where the air is temporarily stopped – VOT: when in relation to articulation do vocal cords begin vibrating
41
dicohtic listening
requires the subject to repeat aloud a message presented to one ear while ignoring a message presented to the other ear
42
Attention
the mental process of concentrating effort on an external or internal event
43
Automatic processing
occurs without intention, not open to introspection, don't require much attention, operates fast, and are just facilitation
44
controlled processing
only with intention, is open to introspection, needs more attention, operates slowly, facilitation(actions to happen) and inhibition (can stop and action from happening)
45
Criteria for automatic processing
Automatic: occurs without intention, not open to introspection, requires little attention, operates fast, and is only facilitation
46
Criteria for controlled processing
Controlled: only with intention, open to introspection, needs attention, operates slowly, and had facilitation and inhibition
47
Feature Search
- pre-attentive: when you’re looking for a single feature in distractors it is faster - automatic, fast (pop-out search), independent number of distractors
48
Conjunction search
- attentive: when you increase the number of distractors people get slower - controlled, slow, effortful and depends on the number of distractors
49
Iconic memory
visual system, a snapshot of the visual world that you hold onto for a short amount of time - we want to know how quickly info is lost, and how much info can be retained
50
Echoic Memory
auditory system, a sound plays, goes away but will continue to play back in your head for a short amount of time. - relies on heavy serial recall (simple tasks) - series of stimuli - scored as correct if correct item is in correct position
51
Whole vs. Partial report in Iconic memory
- **Whole report:** tell them all the letters/recall as many as possible - **Partial Report:** tell them a row of the letters - you don’t know which row until the stimulus is gone - varies in duration between stimulus offset and cue onset - **Whole report summary:** whole report estimates the size of memory at 4.5 items, subjects reported seeing more than they could say - **Partial report summary:** superior to the whole report because it takes time to say the letters, and is a rapid decaying visual store
52
Echoic memory effects
- **Experimental effects**: modality and suffix effects - **Serial position curve**: plots performance as a function of item order - **Primacy Effect**: advantage for the first items over items in the middle - **Recency Effect**: advantage for the last items over the middle items - **Modality effect:** refers to a change in the size of the recency effect
53
Mental Imagery
you visually imagine something that isn’t in the environment you are in as you're imagining it/experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input - Ex: how many windows are in your apartment without seeing the actual being there
54
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Room full of conversations, we can attend to just our conversation due to dichotic listening
55
What is noticed about unattended channel in dichotic listening?
Did notice – Change of gender – Change to tone – Change in pitch or loudness * Did not notice – Change of language from English to German
56
Processing load and the locus of selection
High demands for attended stimuli – evidence looks like early selection * Low demands for attended stimuli – evidence looks like late selection * There is no single locus of selection, depends on processing demands. – Selection is flexible
57
Word Superiority Effect
Better at recognizing letters in words than letters alone, or letters in non-words
58
Propositional theory
Objects and relations between objects. – Ball is on the box - ON(Ball, Box) – Propositions can be about specific objects or they can represent whole classes of objects. – Subjective experience of imagery is not relevant to understanding the cognitive processes involved

PSY 305 (5 decks)

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