Performance Limitations and Emergency Procedures Flashcards
1
Q
How to recover from a spin?
A
INOP/PARE
* power to idle
* ailerons neutral
* full opposite rudder
* elevator forward
2
Q
What does an aft CG do to an aircraft’s spin characteristics?
A
harder to recover from a spin
3
Q
What load factor is present in a spin?
A
usually slightly above 1G
* low airspeed, usually around stall speed
* the airplane pivots, rather than turns, so the load factor is kept low
4
Q
Discuss the use of an emergency checklist.
A
- pilot should be familiar with emergency procedures to take immediate action
- emergency checklist should be reviewed as soon as circumstances permit
- emergency checklist should be readily accessible
5
Q
What to do when partial loss of power in flight?
A
- Maintain suitable airspeed, best glide if needed
- select an emergency landing area and remain within gliding distance
- as time allows, attempt to determine the cause and correct it.
Complete the following checklist:
* check fuel gauge, switch to fuller tank
* check fuel pressure, aux fuel pump on
* mixture rich
* carb heat on
* check engine gauges
6
Q
What to do when the engine fails on takeoff?
A
- throttle IDLE
- apply brakes
- mixture IDLE
- ignition OFF
- master OFF
7
Q
What to do if an engine failure occurs immediately after takeoff?
A
- best glide 83 mph
- aim for a suitable landing area ahead
If time allows:
* mixture IDLE
* fuel selector OFF
* ignition OFF
* flaps as required
* master OFF
8
Q
What to do when engine fails in flight?
A
- best glide 83 mph
- check wind direction
- pick a suitable landing area
- check fuel & switch to opposite tank
- check fuel pressure, turn on aux fuel pump
- mixture rich, carb heat on
- magneto - check right and left, leave on the one that makes the engine run
If engine does not start:
8. notify ATC
9. fuel selector OFF, mixture IDLE, ignition OFF, flap as needed then master OFF
9
Q
What’s best glide speed?
A
83 mph
10
Q
What to do before touchdown in a forced landing?
A
- final speed 70 mph
- mixture IDLE
- fuel selector OFF
- ignition OFF
- unlatch the canopy
- flaps as needed
- master OFF
11
Q
What to do if engine fails while over water beyond power-off gliding distance to land?
A
- MAYDAY on 121.5
- squawk 7700
- secure or jettison heavy objects
- high winds, heavy seas: into the wind
- light winds, heavy swells, parallel to swells
- flaps as needed
- 300ft/min descent at 75 mph
- canopy fully open
- brace for impact
- evacuate ASAP
12
Q
What is detonation?
A
- an explosion of the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder
- causes excessive temperatures and pressures
- can lead to complete engine failure
- signs: high cylinder head temperatures, engine roughness and loss of power.
13
Q
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
A
- lower than recommended fuel grade
- high manifold pressure with low rpm (constant speed)
- high power setting with excessively lean mixture
- extended ground ops or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced
14
Q
What action should be taken if detonation is suspected?
A
- check for the proper fuel grade
- mixture rich during TO and initial climb
- shallower climb angle to increase cylinder cooling.
- avoid extended, high power, steep climbs
- monitor engine instruments to verify proper operation
15
Q
What is preignition?
A
- fuel / air mixture ignites prior to the engine’s normal ignition event
- usually caused by a residual hot spot in the cylinder
- causes high operating temperatures and lose of power and possibly severe engine damage.
16
Q
What actions should be taken if preignition is suspected?
A
- use the recommended grade of fuel
- operate the engine within the recommended parameters.
17
Q
If the engine begins to run rough when flying through heavy rain, what action should be taken?
A
- the induction air filter may possibly be saturated with water which will reduce the amount of available air to the carburetor
- Carb heat may be used as an alternate air source of air
18
Q
How to minimize spark plug fouling?
A
lean the mixture
19
Q
Low oil pressure, but the oil temperature is normal?
A
- insufficient oil level, OR
- a clogged oil pressure relief valve
- faulty gauge
- Landing ASAP
20
Q
Loss of oil pressure & rising oil temp?
A
- engine failure is imminent
- reduce power
- land ASAP
21
Q
What procedure should be followed if an engine fire develops on the ground during starting?
A
**If the engine starts: **
* increase the power to a higher rpm for a few moments and then
* shut down the engine and have it inspected.
If the engine does not start:
* FULL throttle
* mixture IDLE CUTOFF
* continue cranking the engine in an attempt to put out the fire
If the fire continues:
* shut off all equipment
* fuel selector OFF
* use fire extinguisher
22
Q
What to do if inflight engine fire?
A
- mixture IDLE
- fuel selector OFF
- flaps as needed
- master OFF
- cabin heat and air OFF
- emergency descent (Vfe 120mph)
- forced landing
23
Q
electrical fire in flight in cockpit?
A
- master OFF
- all switches except ignition OFF
- cabin heat/vent OFF
- use fire extinguisher
24
Q
What are the three main types of aircraft icing?
A
a. structural
b. induction system
c. instrument icing
25
Name four types of structural ice.
Clear, rime, mixed
**frost** - when temp & dew point are below freezing at the surface
26
What is necessary for structural icing to occur?
* visible moisture
* temperature must be at or below freezing
27
What type of structural icing is more dangerous, rime or clear?
clear ice
* hard and heavy
* difficult to remove with deicing equipment
* it forms as it flows away from the deicing equipment
28
What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions?
* change course and/or altitude
* usually climb to a higher altitude if able.
29
If icing has been inadvertently encountered, how would your landing approach procedure be different?
* higher power setting
* higher approach speed
* higher altitude
* expect higher stall speed
* expect longer landing roll
* no flaps
* avoid go-around
30
Which type of precipitation will produce the most hazardous icing conditions?
freezing rain
31
Does the stall warning system have any protection from ice?
NO
32
What causes carburetor icing?
Cooling due to vaporization of fuel and expansion of air
33
What are the first indications of the presence of carburetor icing?
Fix prop: **loss of rpm**
CS prop: drop in manifold pressure
34
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
* temperatures < 70F
* relative humidity > 80%
35
What is meant by decompression?
Decompression is the inability of the aircraft's pressurization system to maintain the designed "aircraft cabin" pressure.
36
What are the two types of decompression?
**explosive decompression**
* less than half a second
**rapid decompression**
* Usually a slow leak
37
What are the dangers of decompression?
* hypoxia
* being blown out of the airplane
* the bends (decompression sickness)
* exposure to wind blast and extreme cold
38
When would an emergency descent procedure be necessary?
* uncontrollable fire
* sudden loss of cabin pressure
39
What procedure should be followed in establishing an emergency descent?
a. power to idle
b. flaps down
c. do not exceed 120 mph
d. establish a 30 - 45 degree bank to clear the area below
40
What instruments are affected when the pitot tube freezes?
if the drain hole remains clear
* ASI = 0
* altimeter = normal
* VSI = normal
If drain hole is also blocked
* ASI acts like altimeter
* altimeter = normal
* VSI = normal
41
What instruments are affected when the static port freezes?
ASI
* only accurate at the altitude frozen
* airspeed will increase in descent
Altimeter
* indicates the altitude at which the system was blocked
VSI
* indicates level flight
42
Does the pitot system have any protection from ice?
Pitot heat
43
What corrective action is needed if the pitot tube freezes?
turn pitot heat on
44
What corrective action is needed if the static port freezes?
use alternate air if available, or break the face of a static instrument, (probably the vsi)
45
What indications should you expect while using alternate air?
pressure is usually lower than outside
* ASI = faster than actual
* altimeter = higher than actual
* VSI = climb in level flight
46
What instruments may be relied upon in the event of a complete vacuum system failure while operating in IMC?
a. turn coordinator - bank info
b. magnetic compass - bank info
c. airspeed - pitch info
d. altimeter - pitch info
e. vertical speed indicator - pitch info
47
What recommended procedure should be used in resetting a tripped circuit breaker?
* allow a short 2 min cooling period
* reset breaker
* don't reset if trips again
48
What does the ammeter on the Grumman show with all equipment off, and the master switch off?
No current is flowing to or from the battery
49
What max amp draw is the alternator capable of handling?
60 amps
50
How is an alternator failure detected?
ammeter shows battery discharge
51
What steps should be taken if the alternator fails?
a. reduce electrical load
b. check alternator circuit breakers
c. turn the "Alt" switch off (for 1 sec), then on
d. if the alternator is still inop, turn off the "Alt" switch, reduce the electrical load to a minimum, and land as soon as possible.
52
What is the procedure for dealing with a flat main landing gear tire?
* normal approach with full flaps
* touchdown good tire first
* keep flat tire off ground as long as possible
* use braking on the good wheel as required to maintain directional control
53
What is an "asymmetrical" flap emergency?
this is when one flap deploys or retracts while the other remains in position. This problem is indicated by a pronounced roll toward the wing with the least flap deflection.
54
What procedure should be followed in an asymmetrical flap emergency?
* try to raise to flaps and perform a flap up landing if possible
* If unable, use opposite aileron to counteract the roll, and yaw in the direction of the most retracted flap to counter act the yaw.
* Fly the landing at a higher than normal approach speed to maintain control authority all the way to the ground.
55
What to do if loss of elevator control occurs?
use throttle and elevator trim
56
How is aircraft performance significantly affected as air becomes less dense?
As air becomes less dense, it reduces
a. power because the engine takes in less air
b. thrust because the propeller is less efficient in thin air
c. lift because thin air exerts less force on airfoils
57
What is the standard atmosphere at sea level?
59*F (15*C) and pressure of 29.92
58
What are standard atmosphere temperature and pressure lapse rates?
* 2C per 1,000 feet'
* 1 in. Hg per 1000'
59
Define the term "pressure altitude".
Pressure altitude is the height above a standard datum plane. it is indicated on the altimeter with 29,92 in Hg in the Kollsman window.
60
Why is pressure altitude important?
* to determine airplane performance
* to assign flight levels to airplanes above 18,000 feet.
61
Define the term "density altitude".
pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
62
What effect does humidity have on air density?
water vapor is lighter than air, so moist air is lighter than dry air. As the water content of the air increases, the air becomes less dense, increasing density altitude and decreasing performance.
63
What is the definition of the term "relative humidity"?
the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, and is expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold. This amount varies with temperature - warm air can hold more water vapor and colder air can hold less.
64
What effect does landing at high-elevation airports have on ground speed with comparable conditions relative to temperature, wind and airplane weight?
if you use the same indicated airspeed appropriate for sea level operations, true airspeed is faster, resulting in a faster ground speed. This would require a longer ground roll and thus maybe a longer runway than at sea level.
65
What are some of the main elements of aircraft performance?
a. takeoff and landing distance
b. rate of climb
c. ceiling
d. payload
e. range
f. speed
g. maneuverability
h. stability
I. fuel economy
66
What is the relationship of lift, weight, thrust, and drag in steady, unaccelerated, level flight?
for the airplane to be in level flight lift must equal weight and thrust must equal drag
67
What are the two types of drag?
Total Drag = induced drag + parasite drag
68
Define induced drag.
drag** created by the production of lift**. As angle of attack increases so does induced drag. Induced drag increases with a decrease in airspeed. The lower the airspeed, the greater the angle of attack, and therefore the greater the induced drag.
69
Define parasite drag.
parasite drag is **caused by the form or shape of airplane parts**. It is greatest at high airspeeds and is proportional to the square of the airspeed; if the airspeed doubles, parasite drag quadruples.
70
How will drag increase as airplane speed increases?
As the aircraft speed increases, induced drag decreases and parasite drag increases significantly
71
Discuss the relationship of thrust and power as it relates to airplane climb performance.
Climb depends upon the reserve power or thrust. Reserve power is the available power over and above that required to maintain horizontal flight at a given speed. Thus, if an airplane is equipped with an engine that produces 200 total available horsepower and the airplane requires only 130 horsepower at a certain level flight speed, the power available for climb is 70 horsepower.
72
Define the term "service ceiling".
Service ceiling is the maximum density altitude where the best rate of climb will produce a 100 feet per minute climb at maximum weight while in a clean configuration with maximum continuous power.
73
Will an aircraft always be capable of climbing to and maintaining its service ceiling?
No. Depending on the density altitude, an airplane may not be able to reach its published service ceiling on any given day.
74
What is the definition of "absolute ceiling"?
Absolute ceiling is the altitude at which a climb is no longer possible.
75
What is meant by the terms "power loading" and "wing loading"?
a. power loading is pounds per horsepower. It is found by dividing total weight by the rate horsepower of the engine.
b. wing loading is pounds per square foot and is obtained by dividing the total weight of the airplane in pounds by the wing area (including ailerons) in square feet. Wing loading determines the airplanes landing speed.
76
Define the terms "maximum range" and "maximum endurance".
a. Maximum range is the **max distance** an airplane can fly for a given fuel supply and is obtained using the maximum lift / drag ratio (L/Dmax).
b. Maximum endurance is the **max amount of time** an airplane can fly for a given fuel supply and is obtained at the point of minimum power required since this would require the lowest fuel flow to keep the airplane in level flight.
77
What is ground effect?
* ground effect occurs when the ground surface changes the air flow pattern away from the wing when the aircraft is flown within on wingspan above the surface.
* This change in air flow reduces unwash, downwash, and wing tip vortices which in turn **reduces induced drag**.
* When the wing is at a height equal to 1/4 of the span, induced drag is reduced by about 25%
78
What major problems can be caused by ground effect during landing?
excessive speed may result in excessive floating = out of runway length
79
What major problems can be caused by ground effect during takeoff?
the perception the aircraft is capable of flight below the required speed due to the reduced drag in ground effect
80
What does "flight in the region of normal command" mean?
while holding a constant altitude, a higher airspeed requires a higher power setting, and a lower airspeed requires a lower power setting. The majority of all flying is conducted in this region.
81
What are examples of where an airplane would be operating in the region of reversed command?
a. during a low speed, high-pitch attitude, approach for a short-field landing.
b. if a pilot mistakenly attempts to climb out of ground effect without accelerating to normal climb speed he could be "stuck" in the region of reversed command at a dangerously low altitude.
82
Explain how runway surface and gradient affect performance.
runway surface
* any surface that is not hard and smooth will increase the ground roll during takeoff
braking effectiveness
* contamination (water, snow, ice etc.) reduce braking effectiveness
runway gradient or slope
* upsloping: longer TO, shorter LDG
* downsloping: shorter TO, longer LDG
83
What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during takeoffs and landing?
a. air density (density altitude)
b. surface wind
c. runway surface (type, grade)
d. weight
e. engine thrust
84
What effect does wind have on aircraft performance?
a. takeoff - a headwind increases airplane performance by shortening the takeoff distance and increasing the angle of climb. The opposite is true for a tailwind.
b. landing - a headwind increases airplane performance by steeping the approach angle and reducing the landing distance. The opposite is true for a tailwind.
c. cruise flight - a headwind decreases performance by reducing ground speed, which increase fuel burn required to complete the flight. A tailwind increases performance by increasing the ground speed, which reduces the fuel required.
85
How does weight affect takeoff and landing performance?
a. higher takeoff and landing speed requirements
b. slow acceleration / deceleration
c. longer takeoff and ground roll
86
What effect does an increase in density altitude have on takeoff and landing performance?
an increase in density altitude results in:
a. increased takeoff distance
b. reduced rate of climb
c. increased true airspeed on approach and landing
d. increased landing roll distance
87
Why does the manufacturer provide various manifold pressure/prop settings for a given power output?
so the pilot has a choice between operating the aircraft at best efficiency (minimum fuel flow) or operating at best power/speed condition.
88
What does the term 75% brake horsepower mean?
brake horsepower is the power delivered at the propeller shaft. 75% BHP means you are delivering 75 percent of the normally rated power or maximum continuous power available.
89
Explain how 75% BHP can be obtained from your engine.
set the throttle (manifold pressure) and propeller (rpm) to the recommended values found in the cruise performance chart of your POH.
90
When would a pilot lean a normally aspirated direct drive engine?
a. anytime the power setting is 75% or less at any altitude
b. at high altitude airports, lean for taxi, takeoff, traffic pattern entry and landing.
c. when the density altitude is high
d. as per the POH
91
What are the different methods available for leaning aircraft engines?
a. tachometer method - from full rich lean to maximum (peak) rpm, then slowly continue leaning until the engine runs rough. Then, enrich the mixture sufficiently to get the engine running smoothly again.
b. fuel flow method - lean the mixture to the fuel flow recommended in the POH.
c. Exhaust Gas Temperature Method (EGT) - lean the mixture to establish peak EGT then enrich the mixture by 50 degrees rich of peak EGT.
92
What is Vso?
calibrated power-off stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in the landing configuration.
93
What is Vs1?
calibrated power-off stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in a specified configuration.
94
What is Vy?
best rate of climb speed
95
What is Vx?
best angle of climb speed
96
What is VFE?
maximum airspeed permissible with the flaps in a prescribed extended position.
97
What is VA?
**designed maneuvering speed**. This is the maximum speed at which the limit load can be imposed, either by gusts or full deflection of the controls, without causing structural damage.
98
What is VNO?
maximum speed for normal operation or the **maximum structural cruising speed**.
This is the speed at which exceeding the limit load factor may cause permanent deformation of the airplane structure.
99
What is VNE?
NEVER EXCEED SPEED. Flight above this speed may result is structural damage.
100
What is the normal climb-out-speed?
100 mph
101
What is the best rate of climb speed (Vy)?
91 mph
102
What is the best angle of climb speed (Vx)?
78 mph
103
What is the maximum flap extension speed?
120 mph
104
What is the stall speed in the normal landing configuration?
58 mph
105
What is the stall speed in the clean configuration?
62 mph
106
What is the normal approach to land speed?
70 mph
107
What is the maneuvering speed (Va)?
122 mph
108
What is the red line speed (Vne)?
190 mph
109
What speed will give you the best glide ratio?
83 mph
110
What is the maximum allowable crosswind component?
16 kts
111
What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft has been overloaded?
a. higher takeoff speed
b. longer takeoff run
c. reduced rate and angle of climb
d. lower maximum altitude
e. shorter range
f. reduced cruising speed
g. reduced maneuverability
h. higher stalling speed
I. higher landing speed
j. longer landing roll
112
If the weight and balance of an aircraft has changed due to the addition or removal of fixed equipment in the aircraft, what responsibility does the owner or operator have?
owner or operator should ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft records. Weight changes must be accounted for and proper notations made in weight and balance records. The appropriate form for these changes is "Major Repairs and Alterations"
113
Define the term "center of gravity" (CG).
* the point about which an aircraft would balance if it were possible to support the aircraft on a single point
* the center of mass where all of the weight is concentrated
* must be within specific limits for safe flight.
114
What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircraft's flight characteristics?
a. **higher stall speed** - due to increased wing loading
b. **slower cruise speed** - increased drag, greater angle of attack required to maintain altitude.
c. **more stable** - center of gravity is further forward from the center of pressure, which increases longitudinal stability
d. greater back elevator pressure required - which means longer takeoff roll, higher approach speeds and a difficult landing flare.
115
What effect does an aft center of gravity have on an aircraft's flight characteristics?
a. **lower stall speed** - less wing loading
b. **higher cruise speed** - reduced drag, smaller angle of attack required to maintain altitude
c. **less stable** - stall and spin recovery more difficult
116
Define "arm" as it relates to weight and balance.
the horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the center of gravity of an item
117
Define "empty weight" as it relates to weight and balance
the weight of the airframe, engines, and all other items which have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the aircraft. It includes hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel and undrainable oil.
118
Define "basic operatin weight" as it relates to weight and balance
the empty weight plus the weight of the crew, ready for flight. This does not include payload and fuel.
119
Define "datum" as it relates to weight and balance
an imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken. It is established by the manufacturer.
120
Define "moment" as it relates to weight and balance
the product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm. Moments are expressed in pound-inches
121
Define "payload" as it relates to weight and balance
weight of occupants, cargo, and baggage
122
Define "useful load" as it relates to weight and balance
the maximum amount of weight the aircraft can carry in people (including the crew), baggage, cargo, useable fuel and oil.
123
How is the CG affected during flight as fuel is used?
* the consumption of fuel does not greatly affect the CG
* most aircraft are designed with the fuel tanks positioned close to the CG
