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perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

avitene

A

causes platelets to adhere and aggregate

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2
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

type of coagulation deficit; low platelets; bone marrow deficit, DIC

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3
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

type of coagulation deficit; lack of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and prothrombin

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4
Q

prothrombin

A

protein that helps clot blood

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5
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A

inherited disorder; insufficiency of vWF causing lots of bleeding

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6
Q

vWF factor

A

clotting factor; synthesized by endothelial cells and mediates platelet adhesion

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7
Q

desmopressin (vasopressin, ADH)

A

treats VW disease; stimulates vWF synthesis and secretion

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8
Q

Hemophilia A

A

inherited disorder which is highest in males; factor VIII insufficiency causing lots of bleeding

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9
Q

synthetic factor VIII

A

plasma; treats hemophilia A

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10
Q

embolus

A

clot that forms in a vessel and then breaks off and travels through the body

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11
Q

thrombosis

A

when a clot blocks a vein or artery

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12
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot that forms in a vein

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13
Q

venous stasis

A

thrombus risk factor; inflammation of skin due to decreased circulation
-can occur to decreased mobility

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14
Q

high blood viscosity

A

risk factor of thrombus; can happen due to dehydration

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15
Q

smoking

A

thrombus risk factor; cytotoxic causing endothelial injury and oxidation of LDL’s

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16
Q

DIC

A

thrombus risk factor; HITT, preeclampsia, drug induced

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17
Q

high estrogen

A

thrombus risk factor; increased hepatic coagulation factor synthesis and decreased clot lysis

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18
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

irregular P heart wave causing inadequate ventricular filling leading to low cardiac output
- dizziness, irregular pulse

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19
Q

cardioversion

A

emergency treatment of atrial fibrillation; 120-220J of energy
- deliver timed depolarization to try and create normal heart rhythm

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20
Q

ASA

A

treatment of atrial fibrillation; slow nodal conduction and interrupt the impulse re-entry pathway

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21
Q

ablation procedure

A

long term treatment of atrial fibrillation; cauterize area causing electrical impulses

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22
Q

P wave

A

atrial contraction

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23
Q

QRS

A

ventricle depolarization

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24
Q

T wave

A

ventricles repolarize

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25
Factor V leiden
inherited autosomal dominant mutation present in factor V; factor cannot be deactivated leading to hypercoagulation
26
factor V
endogenous coagulation activator
27
Apixaban
LMWH; treats factor V leiden
28
DVT
most common site of hypercoagulation - ultrasound to diagnose
29
DVT signs and symptoms
affected site will have edema, pain, erythema
30
DVT treatment
heparin or LMWH
31
DVT locations
popliteal veins, greater saphenous, lesser saphenous, posterior tibial
32
pulmonary embolism
commonly caused by DVT; clot dislodges and travels to pulmonary circulation
33
pulmonary embolism signs and symptoms
chest pain, SOB, low O2, CT scan to diagnose
34
pulmonary embolism treatment
ER; thrombolytics Non ER; heparin, LMWH, warfarin
35
pulmonary HTN
common cause is lung disease, pulmonary embolism, COPD, heart failure
36
pulmonary HTN signs and symptoms
cough, SOB, lethargy, low O2
37
pulmonary HTN treatment
ER; nipride; inhalation (direct acting vasodilator) Non ER; diuretics to decrease preload
38
hypercholesterolemia
deficit in LDL receptors causing plaque formation and high LDL in serum S&S; elevated LDL, atherosclerosis, integumentary depositions
39
Coronary artery disease
can rise from coronary atherosclerosis and can lead to MI
40
chronic ischemic disease
ischemia with exertion thick fibrous plaque s&s; angina
41
chronic ischemic disease treatment
statins and vasodilators
42
acute coronary syndrome
ischemia without exertion unstable plaque=unstable angina - not relieved by nitro drugs - can cause MI
43
signs and symptoms of ACS
chest pain, back pain, SOB, GI symptoms, LOC
44
troponin
a type of biomarker checked for ACS - 1st to appear in plasma at 3 hours
45
creatine Kinease
type of biomarker checked for ACS - regular product but should not be in serum normally
46
myoglobin
type of biomarker checked for ACS
47
STEMI
total coronary artery occlusion causes poor myocardial repolarization leading to ST elevation
48
treatment of ACS- vasodilation
organic nitrates, morphine
49
treatment of ACS- obstruction
PTCA, CABG
50
treatment of ACS- clotting
ASA, Reopro, thrombolytics
51
Reopro
inhibits glycoprotein IIb3 - less than 6 hour onset
52
treatment of ACS- optimizing CO
beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARB
53
cardiac tamponade
fluid around heart in pericardial cavity
54
treatment of ACS- long term
statins
55
Vtach/Vfib algorithm
1. CPR/airway 2. defibrillate at 360J 3. epinephrine 1mg 4. amiodarone
56
amiodarone
antiarrhythmic - slow HR
57
CABG
diverts blood flow around narrow or clogged parts of major arteries
58
MI consequences
embolism, myocardial damage deficit
59
myocardial damage deficit
weak cardiac muscle - heart failure
60
Heart failure
any condition that decreases the hearts ability to pump enough blood to meet demands
61
CAD
type of heart failure; decreased perfusion to cardiac muscle
62
HTN
type of heart failure; increased afterload
63
MI
type of heart failure; causes ischemia to heart muscle
64
cardiomyopathy
enlargement of the myocardium accompanied by decreased CO
65
right heart failure
due to lack of pumping blood backs up in systemic circulation - capillary pressure builds causing interstitial fluid shift
66
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure
pooling, increase venous pressure, enlarged liver, weight gain, distended jugular veins
67
left heart failure
due to lack of pumping blood, backup in pulmonary circulation causing pulmonary edema
68
signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure
pulmonary congestion, restlessness, tachycardia, fatigue, cyanosis
69
most common heart failure
'low output'; low CO, hypotension
70
low CO compensation
SNS activation (tachycardia)--> endothelial enzyme release leading to hypertrophy of smooth muscle and fibroblasts--> thick and stiff cardiac wall--> release of inflammatory mediators
71
low CO treatment
increase contractility; cardiac glycosides, P inhibitors, adrenergic agonists
72
cardiac glycosides
block exit of Na causing high Na in cell and then increased Ca --> increased contractility - can also slow electric conduction leading to decreased HR
73
digoxin (lanoxin), digitoxin
cardiac glycoside
74
monitoring on cardiac glycosides
serum levels, HR, ECG, electrolytes
75
digibind
digoxin toxicity treatment
76
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
"none"; block PDE which increases cAMP activity (increased myocardial contractility and vasodilation)
77
Milrinone, Amrinone, Viagra
phosphodiesterase inhibitor; treat acute heart failure - monitor ECG and VS
78
adrenergic agonists
sympathomimetic agents; stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine - potent, IV only, short half life
79
Dobutamine, Dopamine HCL
adrenergic agonists; treat acute heart failure
80
dobutamine
direct sympathomimetic; B1 specific
81
Dopamine HCL
precursor to norepinephrine; non selective B
82
reducing preload in acute HF
loop diuretic; lasix (furosemide)
83
reducing afterload in acute HF
direct acting vasodilator; nipride
84
perfuse coronaries in acute HF
organic nitrates; nitro
85
increasing contractility in acute HF
B1 agonists; dobutamine

nurs 216 (8 decks)

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