Perfusion

Question 1

the flow of blood through the arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells removing and cellular waste

Answer 1

perfusion

Question 2

lack of blood flow; decreased oxygen supply to the heart

Answer 2

ischemia

Question 3

obstruction of blood; death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen

Answer 3

infarction

Question 4

absence of oxygen to the tissues

Answer 4

anoxia

Question 5

smoke cessation, diet exercise, weight control

Answer 5

primary prevention of perfusion

Question 6

Screenings: BP checks, lipid panels, glucose monitoring

Monitor for early signs of impaired perfusion (cool extremities, cap refill, weak pulses)

Administer medications (e.g., antihypertensives, antiplatelets) as prescribed

Answer 6

secondary prevention for perfusion

Question 7

INFANTS

poor feeding
poor weight gain
failure to thrive
dusky color

TODDLERS AND CHILDREN:

Squatting and fatigue
developmental delay

Answer 7

recognizing perfusion imbalance

Question 8

edema
dyspnea
bleeding

Answer 8

objective data for perfusion

Question 9

pain
syncope
dizziness
fatigue

Answer 9

subjective data for perfusion

Question 10

the contraction of heart chambers after the filling with blood

Answer 10

systole

Question 11

which population is at risk for perfusion imbalances

Answer 11

older adults
infants
toddlers, preschoolers, school age children and adolescents

Question 12

the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles fill with blood is called what ?

Answer 12

diastole

Question 13

according to the concept diagram for perfusion, which of the following are considered negative outcomes ?

Answer 13

ischemic pain
tissue necrosis
fainting and confusion
loss of fine tactile
compartment syndrome
decreased organ function
death

Question 14

according to the concept diagram for perfusion, which of the following are considered interrelated concepts

Answer 14

mobility
clotting
elimination
gas exchange
tissue integrity
reproduction
fluid electrolyte imbalance
intracranial regulation

Question 15

which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for perfusion imbalance

Answer 15

sedentary lifestyle

Question 16

the fluid build up around the lower leg casued by fluid is called

Answer 16

edema

Question 17

an example of secondary prevention for the concept of perfusion is what ?

Answer 17

secondary screening

Question 18

which of the following are pharmacotherapy categories used to treat perfusion imbalances ?

Answer 18

anti-dysrhythmics
diuretics
anticoagulants
vasodilators

Question 19

impairment of central perfusion occurs in conditions that _______ cardiac output

Answer 19

decrease

Question 20

cardiac output is

Answer 20

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 21

Force of blood movement generated by
cardiac output
◦ Requires adequate cardiac function,
blood pressure, and blood volume
◦ Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume ×
heart rate

Answer 21

central perfusion

Question 22

Volume of blood that flows to
target tissue
◦ Requires patent vessels, adequate
hydrostatic pressure, and capillary
permeability
6

Answer 22

localized perfusion

Question 23

Reduced cardiac output results in a reduction of oxygenated blood
reaching the body tissues (systemic effect)
◦ If severe, associated with shock
◦ If untreated, leads to ischemia, cell injury, and cell death
. 7

Answer 23

impaired central perfusion

Question 24

Impairment of tissue perfusion is associated with loss of vessel patency or
permeability, or inadequate central perfusion
Results in impaired blood flow to the affected body tissue (localized
effect)
◦ Leads to ischemia and, ultimately, cell death if uncorrected
. 8

Answer 24

impaired tissue localized perfusion

Question 25

Impaired perfusion can potentially occur among all individuals, regardless of age, gender, race, or socioeconomic status. The populations at greatest risk are:

Answer 25

◦ Older adults- why? ◦ Low income/low educational level individuals- Why?

Question 26

Recognizing perfusion imbalance is occurring: Importance of Patient History

Answer 26

Infants ◦ Poor feeding ◦ Poor weight gain ◦ Failure to thrive ◦ Dusky color Toddlers and children ◦ Squatting and fatigue ◦ Developmental delay (failure to hit milestones) . 10

Question 27

Clinical Management: Primary Prevention

Answer 27

Smoking and nicotine cessation Diet Exercise Weight control

Question 28

Secondary Prevention

Answer 28

Blood pressure screening

Question 29

Treatment strategies depend on underlying condition The most common strategies include: ◦ Diet modification and smoking cessation ◦ Increased activity (conditioning) ◦ Pharmacotherapy . 15

Answer 29

collaborative interventions

Question 30

Pharmacotherapy

Answer 30

Vasodilators-help improve blood flow, therefore, oxygen delivery Vasopressors –help increase cardiac output Diuretics (often called “water pills”) Anti-dysrhythmics Cardioglycosides-help increase cardiac output Anticoagulants (often referred to as “blood thinners”) Antiplatelet agents- help reduce clotting Thrombolytics-(often called “clot busters”) Anti-lipidemics . 16

Question 31

surgical procedures for central perfusion

Answer 31

Central Perfusion ◦ Pacemaker insertion ◦ Electrical cardioversion ◦ Ablation therapy ◦ Intra-aortic balloon pump ◦ Cardiac valve surgery ◦ Cardiac transplant

Question 32

surgical procedures for localized perfusion

Answer 32

Tissue (Local) Perfusion ◦ Bypass and/or graft surgery ◦ Stent or angioplasty ◦ Endarterectomy