Period 3 VOCAB Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
John Dickenson
A
“Letters from a Farmer” helped turn public opinion against Townshed Acts
2
Q
Quartering (Mutiny) Acts
A
required local gov.’s to provide British soldiers housing & food
3
Q
Coercive/ Intolerable Acts
A
aimed to punish mass colonist for Boston Tea Party
4
Q
Loyalists/Tories
A
american colonist who still supported British
5
Q
Thomas Jefferson
A
spokesman for democracy, author of DoI, and 3rd prez.
6
Q
Declaratory Act
A
repeal of Stamp Act, stated America is taxed the same as Britain
7
Q
Townshed Duties
A
imposed direct revenue duties - regulate trade also put money in British treasury
8
Q
Boston Massacre (1770)
A
9 British soldiers shot 5 out of a crowd of 400 who were yelling & throwing
9
Q
Committee of Correspondence
A
political organizations that opposed Britain
10
Q
John Adams
A
helped negotiate Treaty of Paris (1783) and was 2nd US Prez.
11
Q
Writs of Assistance
A
order issued by court instructing law enforcement to perform searches for smuggled goods
12
Q
Women in Resistance Activities
A
supply troops, work in military camps, tend to hurt soldiers, made clothing, brewed coffee
13
Q
Virtual Representation
A
the idea that colonists were represented through members of Parliment
14
Q
House of Burgesses
A
representative element in Virginia along w/ General Assembly
15
Q
Lexington and Concord
A
start of Rev. War, persuaded Americans to take arms
16
Q
Philosophy of Revolution/on Taxes
A
taxes should only be imposed w/ consent
17
Q
Virginia Resolves
A
resolutions passed by Virginia House of Burg. in response to Stamp Act (Virginians tax Virginians not Parli.)
18
Q
“Olive Branch Petition”
A
signed on July 8 1775 as last attempt to avoid war w/ Britain
19
Q
Common Sense
A
advocates for the independence of America using persuasion, morals, and common sense
20
Q
Patrick Henry
A
VA’s 1st gov. opposed ratification of US constitution (“Give me liberty or give me death”)
21
Q
Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania
A
essays that advocate for independence
22
Q
Sugar Act (1764)
A
revenue raising act passed by Parli. for colonies
23
Q
Stamp Act Crisis
A
Americans were equal to Britains & Parli. cannot tax colonies
24
Q
Impressment
A
the taking of men into a military by force or w/out notice
25
King George III
he was King of England and known for losing American colonies
26
Samuel Adams
leader of Mass. "radicals" delegate to Cont. Cong. & signed DoI
27
Sons of Liberty
political organization founded to fight taxation through protest
28
Tea Act of 1773
objective was to reduce massive amount of tea held by EIC in London warehouse
29
Boston Tea Party
American protests led by SOL in Mass. on Dec. 16 1773
30
First Congressional Congress
a meeting of delegates from 12 of 13 colonies
31
Minutemen
members of New England militia who trained and were ready in a "minute"
32
Republic
supreme power is held by the people and elected representatives that has president rather than monarch
33
Declaration of Independence
approved by Cont. Cong. that announced independence
34
Sovereignty
authority of a single individual
35
Forms of Rebellion Against British Taxes
common protest
36
Democracy
the people have sole power over the gov. decisions
37
Alexander Hamilton
leader of the Federalists, 1st Secretary of the Treasury, he advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the fed. gov., and a tariff system to pay off the nat. debt
38
Federalists
supported an orderly, efficient central gov. that could protect their econ. status
39
Anti-Federalists (Republicans)
wanted a weak central gov. and more power to the people and opposed the ratification of the Cont.
40
Articles of Confederation
provided the colonies with a formal gov. structure which bridged the gap between the monarchical rule of Britain and the fed. system
41
"The Great Compromise"
2 houses
-the senate would have 2 representatives from each state
-House of Representatives would be based on population
42
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original 13
43
Shay's Rebellion (1786 - 1787)
stemmed from a post-Rev. War depression and a shortage of hard money that left western farmers in danger of losing their land to foreclosures as a result of their failure to pay debts and taxes
44
Confederation
a confederal system of gov. in which the majority of power (sovereignty) resided with state govs.
45
Noble Savages
referring to Native Americans, meaning uncivilized, but not necessarily uncivilizable & that through educating them in white culture the tribes would be uplifted
46
Constitutional Convention (1787)
meeting of state delegates in Philadelphia to revise the AoC instead designed a new plan of gov. the US Cont.
47
The Federalist Papers
a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new gov./cont. would work
48
Civic Virtue
the concept that a democracy was established and maintained by each and every citizen's ability to work selflessly for the society's common good
49
Revolutionary War
an insurrection by American Patriots in the 13 colonies to British rule, resulting in American independence
50
Yorktown
General Cornwallis was forced to surrender his entire force to George Washington and the French who supplied the naval power and Washington marched his men from NY to Yorktown
51
Federalist Paper #10
strong central gov. can guard against the "factionalism" of smaller republics, a broad, strong nat. gov. that should remain non-partisan
52
Checks and Balances
system that allows each branch of gov. to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
53
Ratification
formal approval to the effectiveness of a cont., cont. amnd. or treaty
54
James Madison
Father of Constitution, supported Federalist Papers,(along with Hamilton and John Jay), author of Bill of Rights, Presidency (4th) marked by War of 1812, proposed Virginia Plan
55
Three-Fifths Compromise
each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and rep.
56
Separation of Powers
the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of gov.
57
Land Ordinance of 1784
established stages of self-gov. for the West
58
Mobocracy
gov. ruled by a mob or mass of people who intimidate legitimate authority
59
Majority Rule, Minority Rights
when a majority uses the principle of majority rule but fails to respect the rights and interests of the minority
60
Treaty of Paris 1783
ended the American Rev. and formally recognized the US as an independent nat.
61
Women's Role During War
vital role in the household econ., roles were limited bc of stereotypes during rev. and some women were influenced by rev.
62
Financing the War
print more money or obtain loans to meet the budget deficit
63
Limited Government
gov. is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights (natural rights) that gov. cannot take away
64
Saratoga (1777)
a series of two battles that became the turning point of the war
65
French Assistance
the french promised the colonists independence and supplies, and gave the US commercial privileges in french ports to avenge the british for the french defeat in the french and indian war; in return, the US promised to continue fighting until france was ready for peace
66
Virginia Plan
a legislature divided into two bodies (the Senate and the House of Representatives) with proportional rep.
67
New Jersey Plan
proposing equal rep. by state, regardless of pop., in unicameral legislature
68
Bicameral Legislature
dispersed authority by assigning the different functions of gov.-lawmaking, administering, and judging- to separate institutions
69
Judiciary Act of 1789
act to establish the Judicial Courts of the US
70
Founding Fathers
leaders of the rev. that brought independence to Britain's American colonies, & shaped those colonies into a new nat. by drafting the US cont.
71
Washington's Farewell Address
He urged Americans to subordinate sectional jealousies to common national interests
72
Treaty of Greenville, 1795
aimed to end the hostilities that had engulfed the Great Lakes, was an imperfect agreement not agreed upon by all the tribes, but ended violence temporarily, and established Indian lands
73
Adams Presidency, 1797 - 1801
the US was in a state of undeclared war with France (The Quasi-War), as it was known, dominated his presidency, monopolizing both foreign policy and domestic policy
74
Jefferson Presidency
reduced taxes, gov. spending, and the not. debt, and repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts
75
The Bank of the United States, 1790
(Hamilton) handle the financial needs and requirments of the new central gov. of the newly formed US
76
Louisiana Purchase
a land deal between the US and France, in which the US acquired appr. 827,000 sq. mi. of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million
77
Jay's Treaty
meant to prevent a war between the two nat. by not allowing the US to trade with “hostile nations,” like France
78
XYZ Affair
a diplomatic incident between French and US diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as Quasi-War
79
"Revolution of 1800"
Jefferson elected in 1800, he sought to restore the country to the liberty and tranquility before Alexander Hamilton's econ. program and Adams's Alien and Sedition Acts
80
Republican Motherhood
women should serve as educators of young men to teach them to become productive American citizens and embrace the Enlightenment ideas that fueled Republicanism
81
Democratic-Republican Party
advocated a weaker nat. gov. in order to give citizens more power and freedom to exercise rights, as well as minimize gov. interference in the econ.
82
"Necessary and Proper" Clause
Congress shall have Power... to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
83
Pickney's Treaty
between US and Spain which gave the US the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
84
Jeffersonian Democracy
end of Federalist control of American politics & milder agrarian aristocracy, thereby setting an example of democratic simplicity
85
Daniel Webster
protector of northern industrial interests, advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson
86
Embargo Act
pressured nats. to respect the neutral rights of US and demonstrate the value of trade with US, Jefferson imposed the embargo instead of open warfare
87
Marshall Court
vested rights in contract clauses; expanded Court's jurisdiction; judicial nat.; blocking state regulations that limited property rights; freeing American commerce from restraints
88
Battle of New Orleans
regarded as the greatest American land victory of the War of 1812 & was a battle that was fought fifteen days after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, which ended the war
89
Francis Scott Key
American lawyer, famous for writing the national anthem of the United States of America, the Star Spangled Banner
90
Gibbons v Ogden, 1824
Chief Justice John Marshall's Court ruled that Congress has the power to “regulate commerce” and that federal law takes precedence over state law
91
Fletcher v Peck, 1810
SCOTUS ruled that a grant to a private land company was a contract within the meaning of the Contract Clause of the Constitution, and once made could not be repealed
92
McCulloch v Maryland, 1819
SCOTUS ruled that banks were not allowed to be taxed by states, for if so they could be, "taxed to death"
93
Marbury v Madison, 1803
established the principle of judicial review—the power of the fed. courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional
94
Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793
declares that US would not join any wars and would continue to trade with all involved warring countries, even if two of them are fighting against each other
95
Nullification
the theory that states have the ultimate power over fed. gov.
96
Federalism
a way of organizing a nat. so that two or more levels of gov. have formal authority over the same area and people
97
Hamilton's Financial Plan
enhance nat. authority and to favor wealthy financiers and merchants on public credit, on a national bank, & on manufactures
98
Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
an uprising of Western Penn. farmers in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey
99
War of 1812
impressment and trade on the seas, Western frontier pressures where the British were encouraging Natives to attack Americans
100
Madison Presidency
issue of slavery dominated his later years, for he knew that it could tear the country apart, he remained conflicted over the emancipation of slaves
101
Alien and Sedition Acts
made it more difficult for aliens to become citizens, allowed the prez. greater latitude in deporting or imprisoning non-citizens, and constricted free speech by making it illegal to utter or print false statements about the government
102
War Hawks: Clay & Clinton
members of Congress who put pressure on prez. James Madison to declare war on Britain in 1812
103
Protective Tariff
principally intended to hold the production of textiles and goods
104
Implied Powers
the powers of the gov. found in the constitution in unwritten forms
105
Assumption
transfer of debt from one party to another; fed. gov. assumed states' Rev. War debts in 1790
106
Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions
states were final arbiters of whether fed. gov. overstepped its boundaries; could nullify/refuse to accept nat. legislation they deemed unconstitutional
107
Connecticut Compromise
agreement between large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and rep. that each state would have
108
Impressment
arbitrary seizure of goods or individuals by a gov. or its agents for public services
109
Treaty of Ghent, 1814
an agreement between the US and Britain that ended the War of 1812, and provided that all territory captured would be returned to the rightful owner
110
Hartford Convention, 1814
federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done
111
Barbary States
several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean
112
Adams Onis Treaty, 1819
purchased eastern Florida to establish the boundary between Mexico and the Louisiana territory
113
Dartmouth College v Woodward, 1819
prevented states gov.s from having control over private entities, supported the college and advised that charters were to be upheld and could not be amended by state legislation
114
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe suggested that any attempts to colonize in the Americas would be viewed as a threat at the US, and that the US would defend against those threats accordingly
115
Tecumseh and Prophet
Shawnee leader, who fought against the US expansion into the Midwest, he opposed any surrender of Native land to whites, and tried with his brother, Tenskwatawa the "Prophet," in uniting the tribes from American customs, especially liquor
