Period 4 VOCAB Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Samuel Slater
A
built America’s first water-powered cotton spinning mill in Pawtucket, RI.
2
Q
Eli Whitney
A
developed the cotton gin, & contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
3
Q
Mercantile Industry
A
declined due to merchants viewing manufacturing as more profitable
4
Q
Panic of 1819
A
overproduction of crops and goods
5
Q
B & O Railroad
A
connected east sea ports with Chicago and other midwestern cities, set standard of excellence and efficiency for industry
6
Q
Market Revolution
A
moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to production of goods for sale
7
Q
Waltham-Lowell System
A
would bring girls to work then feed and house them
8
Q
Industrial Revolution
A
transformed econ. that had been based on agri. and handicrafts into econ. based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system
9
Q
Turnpike Era
A
relied on for internal transport,
Irish immigrants worked on them in terrible conditions,
transport goods faster,
mainly in north bc they needed it & the South was poor
10
Q
Corporations
A
created by shareholders who have limitied liability function on selling of stocks, they are seen as very attractive
11
Q
Cyrus McCormick
A
helped to reap wheat quicker
12
Q
Textile Industry
A
south could provide more cotton to the north, the cotton helped the southern econ. while aiding the northern textile businesses too
13
Q
Telegraph, Samuel Morse
A
creates morse code as a means of communication through telegraphs
14
Q
Erie Canal, 1825
A
canal between the NY cities of Albany & Buffalo, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the north and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in west
15
Q
Internal Improvements
A
intended to promote the development of infrastructure and facilitate trade and communication between the states
16
Q
Era of Good Feelings, 1816-1824
A
no political parties, Jeffersonian democracy
17
Q
Missouri Compromise 1820
A
Henry Clay, agreements that set boundaries on slave states
18
Q
William Henry Harrison
A
9th Prez. war-hero, helped w/ Monroe’s election, friend of Clay
19
Q
Elections of 1824 & 1828
A
1824: JQA vs. Jackson
1828: JQA vs. Jackson
20
Q
Lob Cabin Campaign, 1840
A
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler campaign for Whig party
21
Q
Political Machine
A
big in 1820s, organized group of people who run political parties (ran by politicians)
22
Q
Panic of 1837
A
Nat. Bank fails and large amounts of inflation occur
23
Q
Jacksonian Democracy, 1830s
A
more rights for common man, rotation of office
24
Q
Roger B. Taney
A
anti-slavery, freed owned slaves, supported Dred Scott’s case, expanded judicial power
25
Whigs
concerned with more power for congress, rather than the prez., most of the party was in favor of tariffs and supported the reinstitution of the nat. bank
26
Worcester v Georgia, 1832
states could not impose reg.s on Natives
27
Tariff of Abominations, 1828
Van Buren, raised cost of imported goods (wanted to help South)
28
Sectionalism
certain regions think they are better than others
29
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828
Calhoun anonymously wrote this book which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that states therefore had the right to nullify the law
30
Indian Removal Act, 1830
Andrew Jackson, relocation -> West of MI. Jackson says for culture but Indians don't
31
John Tyler
10th Prez., annexed Texas, vetos Nat. Bank, makes FL. a state
32
Specie Circular
all gov. lands need to be paid in hard money (gold/silver)
33
Force Bill
allows for the military to stay in a state in order to enforce laws
34
Martin Van Buren
8th Prez., continued Indian Removal Act, helped build Dem. Party, was in US senate
35
Second 2-Party System
Democratic-Republican party split in 1824
36
Nullification
John C. Calhoun, state legislature could void a law passed by congress
37
Trail of Tears, 1838
forced Cherokees west (Oaklahoma) 1/4 died en route
38
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
US gets west and in return US stays out of Europe struggles
39
American System
nat. bank, tariff, road/canals
40
2nd Bank of US
multiple branches (meant to help econ.) bad for Jackson reelection
41
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokes, Chicksaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Semioles (of Oaklahoma)
42
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
JQA, persuaded Spain to cede FL. in return US gives TX. & agree on LA. state lines
43
John C. Calhoun
VP for Jackson, defended slavery, advocated for state rights (ex. nullification)
44
"Corrupt Bargain"
Clay helps JQA become Prez. and Jackson thinks votes come out unfair
45
Democratic Party
often immigrants, and slaves
46
National Republican
(Whigs) founded by Henry Clay, pro-American System, anti-immigrant, anti-catholic
47
"King Caucus"
a slur used to call the leader of a monarch
48
Manifest Destiny
Americans were told by God to settle all of North America
49
Alexis de Touqueville
French who comes to learn about American life and report back to France
50
"Pet" Banks
state banks to get surplus funds to curve excessive land speculation & paper money
51
Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson's unofficial advisors after the purge of the cabinet
52
Anti-Masons
3rd party wanted Freemasonry -> morality, charity, obedience to laws & higher power (opp. of "King Caucus")
53
"King Mob"
term used to support the freedom of the people not gov.
54
Nicholas Biddle
last Prez. of 2nd Bank of US & made first effective central bank
55
Henry Clay
"Great Compromiser" he was a statesman for the union, balanced state rights & not interests
56
Shakers
did not permit sex so they would dance to surpress urges, no money, no property (based on Quakers)
57
Romanticism
rejected rationality, embraced human passion, spiritual quest & self-knowledge
58
Temperance
abstinence from drinking alcohol, reform movement pushed by women
59
William Lloyd Garrison
was anti-constitution, burnt US flag, very radical
60
American Anti-Slavery Society
abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery
61
Fredrick Douglass
abolitionist, escaped slavery in Maryland
62
Emancipation
freeing of slaves from owners
63
Seneca Falls, 1848
(uptown NY) meeting of women to discuss unjust actions against them
64
Lucretia Mott
abolitionist, Quaker, reformed women in society, was at Seneca Falls
65
Horace Mann
abolitionist, Whig poltician, promoted public education
66
Walt Whitman
poet who was a part of the transition from realism to transcendentalism
67
Declaration of Sentiments
based on DoI, rights that women wanted in life
68
Hudson River School
art movement, included landscape of Hudson River
69
Grimke Sisters
two sisters who opp. slavery, became Quakers so they had more say
70
Benevolent Empire
prodestant reform to spread Christianity and social reform
71
Separate Spheres
the idea of domestic sphere and social sphere
72
Prigg v Pennsylvania, 1842
penn. indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws, & SCOTUS ruled it was unconstitutional for anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, weakening the fugitive slave laws
73
Mormons
polygomy, ventured west, leaders were Joseph Smith & Brigham Young
74
Dorthea Dix
advocates for criminal reform, help mentally ill people
75
Harriet Beecher Stowe
began movement of abolition being a moral agruement, realism writer
76
Underground Railroad
(Harriet Tubman) a secret way of removing slaves from the South to safer areas
77
Abolition
movement to end slavery immediately w/o compensation
78
"Free Soil" Movement
short lived political party, that promoted slavery
79
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
leader of women's right movement, at Seneca Falls
80
Charles Grandison Finney
"evangelical empire", reform, benevolent society
81
Suffrage
the right to vote in political elections
82
John Brown
abolitionist who eventually gets captured for a slave rebellion
83
Brook Farm
self-sufficient society, people had designated jobs to provide for the group
84
Second Great Awakening, 1790s - 1830s
evangelical movements, spread optimism for America progress
85
Transcendentalism
(from romanticism) perfectionism, self-reliance, individuality, nonconformity
86
Oneida Community
based on perfectionism, group marriage, free love, pressed silver
87
Penny Press
producing newspaper sold for 1 cent
88
Susan B. Anthony
womens right activist, Quaker, traveled and gave speeches
89
Utopian Societies
mode by reformers to help realize moral & spiritual potential, escape industrialization (based on transcendentalism)
90
Cult of Domesticity
separation of the roles in society
women - stay at home, have kids, calm
men - involved in gov., start war, provide
91
Reform Movements
temperance, women suffrage, abolition
92
Antebellum
before war
93
Pologomy
one man multiple wives
94
Mormons
pushed west because of hate in east, religion was very secret and unknown to most people, were planning on having a very large mormon state but it was only accepted as Ohio when the state was much smaller
95
Phalanxes
living in communities possibly off the grid
96
King Cotton
used to prefer to cotton as the best cash crop because of its abundance
97
Slave Codes
laws that give the slave holders full power over their slaves
98
Hill People
people who lived in Appalacian mts. did not have slaves or land
99
Patriarchy
men controlled the entirety of slavery & gov.
100
Peculiar Instituion
unique southern society
101
Manumit
movement designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominate culture
102
Nat Turner
(preacher) planned a rebellion in favor of the slaves
103
Gag Rule, 1836
John C. Calhoun banned any communication on slavery in the House
104
Bear Flag Republic
Calli. was a republic before it was a state
105
Mexican War, 1846 - 1848
he war was sparked by a dispute over the annexation of TX by the US and a long-standing dispute over the border between TX and Mexico
106
Oregon Country
the area in the early 1800s that extended from the southern tip of present-day Alaska to the northern edge of CA.
107
Zachary Taylor
(12th prez.) Taylor was a career officer in the US Army, rising to the rank of major general and becoming a national hero for his victories in the Mexican–American War
108
Stephan F. Austin
founded the first settlement of Americans in TX. In 1833 he was sent to negotiate with the Mexican gov. for TX indedendence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to TX and became the commander of the settlers' army in the TX rev.
109
"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight", 1846
aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn
110
Great American Desert
term used by the people east of the Mississippi River to express their idea of the country westward when it was unknown land
111
Sam Houston
former congressman and governor of tenn., new cause was TX independence, led the army that defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto
112
Slavery (pop., %, culture)
1 in every 6 people were slaves 18% of pop.
113
Code of Chivalry
men were obligated to defend their "honor" - duels - distance form slave cruelty
114
Slave Music & Culture
music had hidden messages, Christianity, Voodoo
115
Crackers/Sand Hillers
lowest class, own no land
116
Task and Gang System
Task - worked until you collected your amount of profit
Gang - more brutal fear based w/ lost of work
117
Sambo
derogatory term for African American derived from spanish
118
Pidgin
language w/ characteristics of english & native african languages
119
James K. Polk
opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, sep. the treasury and the fed. gov. from the banking system, was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny
120
New Mexico
Spaniards tried to settle but pueblos responded badly to settlers attacks, Spanish responded by killing and capturing the remanders
-> Pueblos surrendered
121
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
agreement between Polk and the Mexican gov. saying Mexico will cede cali. and NM. to the US and acknowledge Rio Grand as the boundary of TX. -> US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million
122
Election of 1844
dem. candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay's 105
123
Alamo
mexicans surround alamo, Texans are mad so kill Mexico director
124
Rio Grande
river that divide Mexico and Texas
125
Dehumanization
meant to have slaves seem unhumanlike so they didn't leave
126
Trade
many traded slaves so they could build their plantations
127
Auction
how slaves were sold/traded
128
Brutality
worked from sun up to sun down
129
Whipping
these were common and slaves would have to endure
130
Resistance
runaway, work slow-downs, destruction
131
Preachers, Religion
looked highly to religion b/c they had to believe why they were there
132
Paternalistic
whole plantation run by man of the family
133
Runaways
slaves would runaway as a more peaceful evasion of slavery (sometimes to Canada)
134
Crops
(cotton, rice, tobacco) 3/4 of the worlds cotton is from US
135
Why so few rebellions?
whites had all weapons, blacks reluctant to endanger families, rarely had allies in south
136
Rebellion
Nat Turner collected men and ravenged white families, suicidal, threat to all slaves
137
Planters
highest social class in the south at this time, very chivalrous
138
Small Slaveholders
owned less than 20 slaves
139
Yeoman Farmer
largest group, against slavery
