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AP US History > Period 4: 1800-1848 > Flashcards

Period 4: 1800-1848 Flashcards

1
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

The 3rd president from 1801-1809 who established Democratic-Republican power in the government and greatly expanded the size of the USA through the Louisiana Purchase

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2
Q

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

A

A land purchase from France that doubled the size of the USA and gave them the port of New Orleans

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3
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

The two men who led the expedition to explore and map out the Louisiana Territory

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4
Q

Strict interpretation

A

Following the Constitution stringently by what is said, not by what is implied

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5
Q

John Marshall

A

The first Supreme Court chief justice, serving for 34 years

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6
Q

Judicial review

A

The ability of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of acts passed by the executive branch or Congress

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7
Q

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A

Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established judicial review

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8
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A

Declared federal laws supreme over state laws and that the national bank was constitutional

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9
Q

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

A

Established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce

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10
Q

Implied powers

A

Powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but can be infered

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11
Q

Economic nationalism

A

A political movement to support the growth of the American economy by subsidizing interal improvements and protecting US industries

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12
Q

Sectionalism

A

Loyalty to a particular region or section of the nation, rather than America as a whole

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13
Q

Tariff of 1816

A

A protective tariff that was intended to hold the production of textiles and goods

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14
Q

Protective tariff

A

Tariffs that increase the price of imported goods that compete with American-made products, thus protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition in markets

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15
Q

Henry Clay

A

Creator of the American System and Andrew Jackson’s political rival

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16
Q

American System

A

A federal economic policy aimed at promoting economic growth and development in the USA

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17
Q

Missouri Compromise (1820)

A
  • Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state, so as to not upset the balance between free and slave states
  • Slavery was outlawed above the 36 30 latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory
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18
Q

William Henry Harrison

A

A war hero in the War of 1812 who later became the 9th president

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19
Q

Monroe Doctine (1823)

A

Further colonization by Europe in the Western hemisphere would be considered a hostile act by the USA

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20
Q

National (Cumberland) Road

A
  • First highway built entirely through federal funds
  • First road open to all people
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21
Q

Erie Canal

A
  • A waterway that connected the East Coast to the Midwest
  • A major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities
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22
Q

Railroads

A
  • Developed in the 1820s
  • Rapidly changed small western towns in booming commercial centers
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23
Q

Factory system

A

Concentrated all aspects of production under one roof

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24
Q

Lowell system and textile mills

A

Employed many young women under the factory system to increase efficiency

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25
Q

Unions

A

A group of workers who come together to bargain with their employers about specific grievances

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26
Q

Market Revolution

A

Americans moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to the production of goods for sale

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27
Q

Old Northwest

A

Six states that joined the Union before 1860:
- Ohio
- Indiana
- Illinois
- Michigan
- Wisconsin
- Minnesota

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28
Q

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

A

“Peaceful unions” had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers

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29
Q

Universal white male suffrage

A

Allowed all free white males to vote and hold office without prevous property or religious requirements

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30
Q

Party-nomination convention

A

The new method of selecting candidates for political office, in which voters and party members gather at a convention to select their nominee

31
Q

Popular election of the president

A

Allowed voters to choose a state’s slate of presidential electors

32
Q

Spoils system

A

Jackson’s system of giving government jobs to political supporters, regardless of their qualifications or experience

33
Q

Indian Removal Act (1830)

A

Forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans

34
Q

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

A

Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court

35
Q

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A

The laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory

36
Q

Trail of Tears

A

The relocation of Cherokees in Georgia which resulted in 4,000 deaths

37
Q

Roger Taney

A
  • Jackson’s Secretary of the Treasury who helped drain federal funds into pet banks
  • Did so if Jackson nominated him for chief justice on the Supreme Court
38
Q

Pet banks

A

The various state banks that received the drained funds from the national bank

39
Q

Specie circular

A

Required that all future federal lands be purchased in gold and silver (specie circular)

40
Q

Panic of 1837

A

A severe financial crisis caused by Jackson’s economic policies regarding the national bank

41
Q

Nullification crisis

A

Resulted over the Tariff of 1828 after many states nullified it due to deeming it unconstitutional

42
Q

Webster-Hayne debate

A

Exchange of speeches between senators Hayne and Webster over states’ rights and the nullification crisis

42
Q

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

A

Jackson’s statement to South Carolina that declared nullification and disunion as grounds for treason

42
Q

Democrats

A

Emerged from the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Jackson

43
Q

Whigs

A

Resembled the Federalists Party, led by Clay

44
Q

Cultural nationalism

A

The nation is defined by a shared culture

45
Q

Shakers

A

A deeply religious movement that had elements of socialism

46
Q

Antebellum

A

Latin for “before war” and refers to the period of increasing sectionalism that led up to the Civil War

47
Q

Romanticism

A

An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement from 1800-1850 in response to the Industrial Revolution

48
Q

Transcendalists

A
  • People who believed that each person has direct communication with God and nature, and there is no need for organized churches
  • Pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s
49
Q

Feminists

A

Advocates of women’s rights

50
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

A Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century, marked by an enthusiatic wave of religious revival and a belief in the idea of free will

51
Q

Charles Grandison Finney

A

A Prebysterian minister whose sermons appealed to emotion rather than logic

52
Q

Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)

A

Formed by Joseph Smith and was based on “The Book of Mormon”

53
Q

Brigham Young

A

Led the Mormons after Joseph Smith’s and settled them in New Zion, in Utah

54
Q

Temperance

A

Total abstinence from alcohol

55
Q

American Temperance Society

A

Established in 1826 by Protestant ministers to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence

56
Q

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

A

A group in the 1870s that supported the temperance movement

57
Q

Common (public) school movement

A

Led by Horace Mann, where he advocated for free public schools for kids of all classes

58
Q

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

A

A convention led by leading feminists, where the “Declaration of Sentiments” was issued

59
Q

American Colonization Society

A

Established on the idea of transporting free blacks to an African colony

60
Q

American Antislavery Society

A

Abolitionist society that was founded by William Lloyd Garrison where he advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery

61
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

Escaped slave who advocated for the direct end of slavery and racial equality based on his own experiences

62
Q

Nat Turner

A

A slave who led a revolt in 1831 that killed 55 whites

63
Q

Gag rule

A

Prohibited members of Congress from talking about the issue of slavery

64
Q

Slave codes

A

Laws passed in the South to keep slaves from running away or rebelling

65
Q

Planters

A

Southern white farmers who produced the bulk of the cotton crop

66
Q

Codes of chivalry

A

A code of conduct in which Southern gentlemen ascribed to

67
Q

Poor whites/hillbillies

A

Farmers who could not afford slaves and thus were deemed inferior, but above black Americans

68
Q

Mountain people

A

Small farmers who lived in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains and whom didn’t own slaves

69
Q

Deep South

A

Also called the Lower South, where slavery was ingraved into society and was defended heatedly

70
Q

King Cotton

A

A phrase used in the South to refer to the economic and political importance of the cotton crop, and thus, slavery

71
Q

Peculiar institution

A

Some whites were sensitive about the treatment of slaves, thus refusing to call it “slavery” and calling it a “peculiar institution”

AP US History (10 decks)

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