Topics 6.6-6.9

Question 1

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 1

A business tycoon who amassed a fortune in the steamboat business and who helped to consolidate many small rail lines under the New York Central Railroad

Question 2

Pools

Answer 2

An informal agreement between a group of leaders to keep their prices high and competition low

Question 3

J.P. Morgan

Answer 3

A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks

Question 4

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 4

A Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of the steel industry

Question 5

John D. Rockefeller

Answer 5

An American industrialist who founded Standard Oil

Question 6

Monopoly

Answer 6

When a business owns or controls all of their competitors

Question 7

Trust

Answer 7

An organization or board that manages the assets of other companies

Question 8

Horizontal integration

Answer 8

One company takes control of all its competitors

Question 9

Vertical integration

Answer 9

One company controls all stages of making a product

Question 10

Holding company

Answer 10

A company created to own and control diverse companies

Question 11

Laissez-faire

Answer 11

“Hands off” economics

Question 12

Social Darwinism

Answer 12

“Survivial of the fittest”: The strongest in biology, sociology, and economics will prevail

Question 13

“Self-made men”

Answer 13

The idea of rags to riches and the concept of working your way into wealth through determination and hard work

Question 14

Protestant work ethic

Answer 14

Material success was a sign of God’s favor and a reward for hard work

Question 15

“Iron law of wages”

Answer 15

Raising wages would only increase the working population, and the avaliability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall, resulting in a cycle of misery and starvation

Question 16

Collective bargaining

Answer 16

The process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time

Question 17

Railroad strike of 1877

Answer 17

A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began to strike due to wage cuts, and soon, the strike spead across the United States

Question 18

Craft unions

Answer 18

Unions focused on one type of work

Question 19

National Labor Union

Answer 19

The first attempt to organize all types of workers in all tates, founded in 1866

Question 20

Knights of Labor

Answer 20

Founded in 1869 and went public in 1881 as a union open to all people, including women and African Americans

Question 21

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Answer 21

Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 to aid skilled workers

Question 22

Homestead strike (1892)

Answer 22

A violent strike at the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh following a lockout over the decision to cut wages by nearly 20%

Question 23

Pullman strike (1894)

Answer 23

A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts, eventually stopped by President Cleveland

Question 24

“Pushes”

Answer 24

Factors that motivated people to leave their home countries

Question 25

“Pulls”

Answer 25

Factors that drew people into immigrating to the United States

Question 26

“Old immigrants”

Answer 26

Immigrants that came from northern and western Europe who spoke mostly English and were Protestant

Question 27

“New” immigrants

Answer 27

Immigrants who came from southern and eastern Europe who didn’t speak English and practiced a variety of different religions, causing them to face discrimination

Question 28

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Answer 28

Ended the immigration of the Chinese to the United States

Question 29

Streetcar suburbs

Answer 29

Communities that grew along transit routes leading to an urban center

Question 30

Ethnic neighborhoods

Answer 30

Neighborhoods of immigrants of the same nation formed to maintain their languages, cultures, places of worship, and social clubs

Question 31

American Protective Association

Answer 31

The largest anti-Catholic organization of the 1890s

Question 32

Ellis Island

Answer 32

An immigration center in the New York, opened in 1892, where many European immigrants passed through

Question 33

Political machines

Answer 33

Groups of politicians that welcomed immigrants to gain their loyalty for future elections

Question 34

“Boss”

Answer 34

The top politician of a political machine who commanded the group

Question 35

Settlement houses

Answer 35

A house where immigrants came to live, often established by reformers

Question 36

Melting pot

Answer 36

The mingling of diverse groups in the United States, including the idea that these groups should be “melting” into a single culture or people