Period 4 Heimler Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Federalist Party
A
- Fought for powerful central government
- Favored Manufacturing Interests
- Hamilton
2
Q
Democratic Republican Party
A
- Fought for limited central government
- Favored idea of agrarianism (nation of self-sustaining farmers aka Yeoman Farmers)
- Thomas Jefferson
3
Q
Revolution of 1800
A
Thomas Jefferson won the vote, becoming the first Democratic Republican president
Called the “Revolution of 1800” because it was one of the first times in history where power was transferred peacefully between opposing parties
4
Q
Policy Debates over power of federal Government
A
- Democratic Republicans abolished Whiskey Tax (tax imposed under Washington, caused Whiskey Rebellion) to decrease federal government power
- Democratic Republicans also minimized military and reduced the number of federal jobs
5
Q
Louisiana Purchase (of 1803)
A
- France had lost control over land (of what is now the middle of the US) when they lost to Haitians in the Haitian Revolution
- Jefferson sent Monroe with $2 million to France to secure trading rights
- Napoleon offered Monroe the entire territory for $15 million which Monroe accepted
- Doubled the size of America
6
Q
Strict Constructionism
A
- Argued that the federal Government can only due what is explicitly written in the constitution
- Supported by Jefferson
7
Q
Lewis and Clark Expedition
A
- Traveled thousands of miles up the Missouri River across the Louisiana territory under Jefferson’s request
8
Q
John Marshall
A
- Marshall was Fourth Supreme Court Justice
9
Q
Marbury vs Madison (1803)
A
- When power shifted from Federalist to Democratic Republicans when Jefferson was elected, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act
- When Jefferson took power, he elected Madison as Secretary of State who did NOT deliver appointments of the new judges
- One of those judges, Marbury, argued that he had the right to the commission under the Judiciary Act
- Case wound up in Supreme Court
- John Marshall of the Supreme Court established the following:
- Marbury DID have this right under the Judiciary Act
- But since the Supreme Court interpreted laws, he found the Judiciary Act unconstitutional
- Marbury (and the 16 others) did NOT become judges
- This power of the Supreme Court became known as Judicial Review
10
Q
Judiciary Act
A
- Adams/federalists passed this act right before Adams lost power to Jefferson
- Created 16 new openings for judges which president John Adams filled with all federalist Judges known as “Midnight Judges”
11
Q
McCulloch vs Maryland
A
- Argument over whether a State had the power to tax a federal bank
- Marshal declared that a State can NOT tax a federal bank
- National Law trumpets State Laws whenever they contradict
12
Q
Barbary Stuff
A
- 1790’s US paid North African Barbary states to protect US merchant ships
- Jefferson was oppose to this, especially when he was elected and they states wanted more money
- Jefferson stopped paying them, Barbary Pirates started attacking US merchant ships
- Intermittent fighting between US Navy and Pirates for 4 years
- Reduced payment tribute was agreed upon eventually
13
Q
War of 1812
A
- War with Britain
- War began because of:
1) Continued impressment of American Citizens (making them fight for the British)
2) Issues of the Frontier (Americans wanted to expand west but were facing conflict with Natives). British were aiding Natives that helped them fight US Settlers - War Hawks were influential group in the House, eager for war with Britain
- When the British refused to give into American Demands, War was declared
-Federalists healed Hartford Convention in protest of the war - America won the war
- Created a swell of nationalism in the United States
- Created Demise of the Federalist Party because their values seemed to no longer align with the values and interest of the country
14
Q
War Hawks
A
- Influential group of Democratic Republicans in the House who were eager for war with Britain
- Wanted to declare war, even if it was just for American Honor
15
Q
Hartford Convention
A
- Convention held by Federalists (especially those in the New England Area) who opposed of the War of 1812
- Threatened to secede from the Union over this disagreement
16
Q
War of 1812 Consequences
A
- Showed that without a National Bank (expired in 1811) the US lacked a reliable source of credit to raise funds
- Showed how weak US Infrastructure and transportation was
- Henry Clay proposed the American System to solve these problems and unify the national economy
17
Q
American System
A
Set of policies proposed by Henry Clay designed to the the following:
1) Federally fund internal improvements
2) Federal tariffs (taxes on imported goods) (to protect US manufacturers from foreign ones)
3) Second Bank of the US (to have a national currency and economy)
Presidents Madison and Monroe both objected to the infrastructure policies because:
- Overreach of federal power
- Disadvantage the south
However, the 2nd and 3rd policies were implemented by 1816
18
Q
Talmadge Amendment
A
Proposed by congressmen James Talmadge
Missouri was about to become a state, and many settlers already had slaves there, but making it a slave state would upset the current balance of slave/not slave state ratio
Proposed that Missouri would have slavery but it would effectively be banned after 25 years
Southern states saw this as a longterm threat to slavery in all states, threatened to secede from the Union if this was passed
Henry Clay solves this issue with the Missouri Compromise
19
Q
Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820
A
Compromise to the Talmadge Amendment (to Missouri’s statehood application)
- Missouri would be admitted as a Slave State
- The government would make a new state out of New England (called Maine) and Maine would b a Free State
- This preserves Senate Balance
- Established that the 36* 30’ line would be the boundary for slave and non-slave states
- Any states ABOVE would be admitted as Free states, any BELOW would be slave
20
Q
Treaty of Ghent (of 1814)
A
Ended War of 1812 between US and Britain
Left a lot of things unclear, specially regarding Canada
21
Q
Territorial Disputes after Treaty of Ghent
A
James Monroe took Office in 1817 and sought to solve territorial disputes
NORTH -
- Sent John Quincy Adams to London
- Established border between US and Canada on 49th Parallel
- Joint U.S./British occupation of Oregon territory for the next 10 years
SOUTH
- US territory raids from Spainish inhabitants nearby in the south near Florida
- Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to Florida in 1817
- Spain eventually sells Florida territory to US
- John Quincy Adams negotiated the Adams-Oins Treaty to make the sale official
22
Q
Monroe Doctrine (of 1823)
A
Policy by James Monroe indicating that further European Colonization in the western hemisphere would be considered a hostile act
Helped establish US power and trade with other Western powers (like Mexico) and trade across the Pacific Ocean (like with China)
Lead to Market Revolution
23
Q
Market Revolution
A
The linking of northern industries with western and southern farmers
Created by advances in Agriculture, Indsutry, and Transportation
Knit the entire US into a singular economic entity
Marked the transition to agrarian to capitalist society
24
Q
Innovations in Transportation
A
Construction of the National Road/Cumberland road
- Connected Maryland (east coast) to Illinois (in the “heartland”) stretching for a thousand miles
- Building of Canals, Erie Canal linked western farms with eastern manufacturing and inspired more canal building
- Created Steamboat to deliver down and up stream
- Railroads replaced canals by 1820’s/1830’s as the main technology linking regions
25
Innovations in Industrial Technology
- New patent laws made the environment right for new technology
- Eli Whitney: invented Interchangeable Parts which revolutionized industrial segment
- Factory System born in America (utilized Interchangeable parts)
26
Innovations in Agriculture
- Cotton Gin: Sped up process of separating cotton seeds from cotton fibers (Eli Whitney invented this)
- Spinning Machine: Turned raw cotton into yarn
- Shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming
- Growing cash crops like cotton or tobacco for commercial farming
27
Migration (Result of Market Revolution)
Irish and German Immigrants flocked into US and exploded the growth of cities.
1820's explosion
IRISH
- Came in response to the Potato Famine
- Sought for Democratic influence
GERMANS
- Came for farming reasons
- Sought for democratic influence
Immigrants provided new cheap workforce for labor, and they brought much of their culture with them and established their culture in the United States
Nativists fought against the increasing number of immigrants through xenophobic stereotypes
Developed emerging middle class in the north, with their own society and norm. They developed Temperance - regulated achohol consumption. They were also very much Protestant rather than Catholic. They had money to spend on leisure, unlike the lower class.
28
Cult of Domesticity (Result of Market Revolution)
Ideas spread through magazines and books and other forms of text.
Stated that the purpose of a woman was to have and riase children and provide a haven of rest for her husband.
Idea took hold in the Middle Class, didn't take hold in the Labouring Class because they had to have both men and women working to make ends meet
29
Participatory Democracy
CAUSES
- Farmers and Settlers wanted Franchise (right to vote) because of the Panic of 1819
- Previously Franchise had been tied to property ownership
- 1825 most states eliminated or lowered property qualifications for voting
- Growth and Realignment for political Parties
30
Panic of 1819
- Second Bank of the United States restricted their lending policy to control inflation
- National Banks caused many State banks to close
- Decrease for American goods by other countries
- Economy collapsed (Unemployment, Bankruptcy, Prison for those who had debts, etc.)
31
Political Parties (1820's)
- Federalists essentially nonexistent after War of 1812, leaving only Democratic Republicans
- Democratic Republicans fragmented into Democrats and National Republicans (rival factions within the same party still)
National Republicans:
- Expansive view of federal power
- Loose Constructionism (loosely interpreting a Constitution)
- More similar to federalists
Democrats:
- Limited Federal Government Power
- Strict Constructionism (federal government only has explicitly granted powers from the constitution)
- More similar to original Democtratic Republicans
32
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
Democratic Republicans ended up having 4 Candiates:
John Quincy Adams (popular choice)
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson (also a popular choice)
William Crawford
Jackson won the popular votes, but no one won a majority of electoral votes so the election of the president was up to House of Representatives
Henry Clay used his influence to get Adams elected as President, and Adams named Clay as the Secretary of State
Jackson was not happy since he won the majority popular votes and more electoral votes
Nothing really corrupt happened but it was annoying ig
By 1828 the two Factions hardened into distinct Political Parties
33
Two Political Parties (Democrats and Whigs)
Democrats:
- Lead by Andrew Jackson
- Drew their values from old Democratic Republicans
- Limited Federal Power
- For Free Trade
- For Local Rule
- Against Corporate Monopolies
- Against High Tariffs
- Against the National Bank
Whigs:
- Lead by Henry Clay
- Similar to Federalist Party
- Involved Central Government
- National Bank
- Protective Tariffs
- Federally funded internal improvements
- Against Immigrant Crime
34
Tariff of 1828
Tax on Foreign Imports
"Protective Tariffs" are called that because they protect domestic industries and goods by making foreign ones more expensive
Tariff of 1828:
- Passed during the final months of John Quincy Adams' administration
- Raised import tax by 35-45%
- Andrew Jackson elected in 1828 didn't do much about this even though he didn't like it
- Called "Tariff of Abominations" by Vice President Calhoun. Developed a Doctrine of Nullification
Doctrine of Nullification: If a state judged a federal law to be unconstitutional, that state could ignore the law by nullifying it
1833 Jackson got Congress to pass a Force Bill which allowed him to respond to the Doctrine of Nullification with Military Action
35
Second Bank of the United States
- Established in 1816
- Helped the country in the 1820's by stabilizing the conomy
- States were unable to make payments to the national bank, depleting the value of state currency
- Jackson believed the bank was Unconstitutional
- Jackson vetoed the bill trying to recharter the Bank
36
Internal Improvements
- American System divided the parties on whether or not this was an overreach of federal power between the Whigs and Democrats
37
Indian Removal
Indian Removal Act of 1830 during Jackson's Second Term of Presiedency
Demanded that all Indians be relocated west of Missisipi River
Cherokee challenged their removal in Worcester v Georgia and the Supreme Court sided with Cherokee because the lands enjoyed federal protection from the State
1835 - Cherokee met with US individuals to establish Treaty of New Echota to exchange CHerokee lands in east for reservation territory west of the Mississippi
Indians were removed along Trail of Tears
38
Romanticism
Shift from Englightenment ideas to emotional and feeling-based ideas in literature and philosophy.
Trades Coldness and Rationality of Enlightenment for Warmth and Emotion and belief in human perfectability for taste.
Represented itself in Architecture (Capitol Building), Literature (American Authors), Art (Paintings of Hudson RIver School), Philosophy (Transcendentalism)
39
Utopian Communities
Shakers:
- Christian Kentucky Group
- Against men and women being together
- Died out due to lack of population (idiots forgot you need to reproduce)
Oneida COmmunity:
- Believed in perfect equality
- Everybody was married to everyone and shared their kids
- Made some cool silverware :)
40
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians that emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and morality that would lead people and society away from sin.
Spread throughout America.
CAUSES:
- Market Revolution: Taught economic success/failure was in your hands, and the same message was preached here in the way that sin was in your control
- Rise of Democratic and Individualistic Beliefs: caught at lower classes who weren't always able to vote who now felt like equals to others
- Romanticism: Preaching focused on emotion and focused on his audience so everyone could understand and feel his ideas of morality with him
41
Religious Reform
Mormons:
- Founded by Joseph Smith
- Claimed that the Church of Jesus Christ had strayed from the original intentions of God and he was the new prophet, and wrote preachings down in the Book of Mormon
- Wanted people to Marry multiple wives; was arrested for this
- Brigham Young took over
- Migrated people into Utah Territory hoping to escape any anti-Mormons
42
Temperance Reform
Avoidance of Alchohol and Beverages
- Induced by Second Great Awakening to cure social ills by cutting out alchohol
- American Temperance Society formed
- Found support in halls of power, and people in positions of power worked to push this reform
- Reform rejected by Irish and German imigrants but taken up by Americans
43
Abolitionist Reform
Abolitionism - movement to bring an end to slavery
- Influenced by Second Great Awakening claiming that Slavery was a sin
- American Anti-Slavery Society established in 1833
- Fredrick Douglas - escaped slave who fled to the North to establish his own movement. Published a narritive of his life and showcased the dehumanization that was involved in slavery
44
Women's Rights Reform
- Women were frustrated with their lack of influence and rights in society
- Seneca Falls Convention in 1848:
- Lead by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott
- Drafted a document known as the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions which was a document to fight for equality for women ("...all men and women are created equal.")
45
Enslaved Culture
- Names: Enslaved people continued to address each other by their African Names even when assigned English names
- Continued their african languages and folktale
- Continued their own religions (like Islam)
Despite dehumanization, they were able to keep their culture
46
Enslaved Revolutions
- Haitian Revolution of 1804 was a shocase of how enslaved populations could revolt and win the revolution and establish their own country
- White people feared this revolution
- Nat Turner's Rebellion: Virginia Slave revolt lead by Nat Turner that lead to the killing of 57 white people. Rebellion was eventually squashed and individuals hung
- Increased panic in Virginia
- As rebellions increased, white people constricted their hold and power over enslaved people, due to fear
- White people believed that they were helping enslaved people by providing them shelter and work, but as there were more and more rebellions this was harder for white peoples to convince themselves of
