Period 6 Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
By 1900 what country was the leading industrial power in the world?
A
The United States
2
Q
What were some factors that contributed to the rapid growth of the U.S economy?
A
The country was a treasure house of essential raw materials for industrialization
The labor supply provided by the hundreds of thousands of immigrants yearly arrival
The United States’s growing population
Their advanced transportation network which made them the largest industrial goods market
Capital was good as Europeans provided wealth for the economic expansion
The development of labor-saving technologies
Efficient patent system which increased productivity
Friendly government policies which protected private property, subsidized railroads with land grants and loans, supported U.S. manufacturers with protective tariffs, refrained from regulating business operations, and limited taxes on corporate profits
Talented entrepreneurs emerged at this time and were able to build and manage vast industrial and commercial enterprises.
3
Q
What was the nation first big business?
A
Railroads
4
Q
What did railroads encourage?
A
Mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization.
5
Q
What was the most important invention of the railroads?
A
The creation of modern stockholder corporation, and he development of complex structures in finance, business management, and the regulation of competition
6
Q
In the early decades of railroading what did the building of dozens of separate railroads result in?
A
Different gauges and incompatible equipment which was reduced after the civil war thought the consolidation of competing railroads into integrated trunk lines.
7
Q
What did Cornelius Vanderbilt do for railroads?
A
He used his millions he earned from his steamboat business to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad.
8
Q
What did the great age of railroad building coincide with?
A
The settlement of the last frontier, railroads prompted settlement along the Great Plains and linked the West and East to create one great national market.
9
Q
Since federal governments realized western railroads would lead to settlement what did they do?
A
They provided railroad companies with huge subsides in forms of loans and grants (gave more than 170 million acres of land). The land was given in alternate square-mile sections along the proposed route of the railroad. The government predicted it would sell land to new settlers to finance construction. And, that the completed railroad would increase the value of government lands and provide preferred rates for carrying the mail and transporting troops.
10
Q
What were some negative consequences the subsides carried?
A
The land grants and loans promoted hasty and poor construction which led to corruption in all levels of government.
11
Q
What’s an example of the corruption from the subsides?
A
Insiders used construction companies like the Credit Mobilier scandal and they would bribe government officials and pocket huge profits.
12
Q
What happened as a result of the corruption in railroads?
A
Protests against land grants in the 1880’s happened when citizens found out railroads controlled half of the land in western states.
13
Q
What two railroad companies built the first transcontinental railroad to tie California to the rest of the Union?
A
The Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific. They met at Utah in May 1869 where they officially connected the Atlantic and Pacific states.
14
Q
What was the Union Pacific and what did they do?
A
A railroad company that helped build the first transcontinental railroad. They started from Omaha, Nebraska and built across the Great Plains. Most of their employees were war veterans and Irish immigrants. They worked under General Greenville Dodge.
15
Q
What was the Central Pacific and what did they do?
A
A railroad company that helped build the first transcontinental railroad. They started from Sacramento, California and built eastward. Led by Charles Crocker were workers who were mainly Chinese immigrants that took risks while building (laying down tracks).
16
Q
There were another 3 railroads built later, what did they connect?
A
The Southern Pacific tied New Orleans to Los Angeles. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe linked Kansas City and Los Angeles. The Northern Pacific connected Duluth, Minnesota, with Seattle, Washington.
17
Q
Why were transcontinental railroads failures as businesses?
A
Though they helped to settle West they were built in areas with few customers and with little promise of returning a profit in the near term.
18
Q
In the 1870s and 1880s what did railroads suffer from?
A
Mismanagement and outright fraud.
19
Q
What did railroads start doing to survive?
A
Railroads competed by offering discounts and kickbacks to favored shippers and charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also tried to form pools where companies agreed to secretly and informally fix rates and share traffic which was an attempt to increase their profits.
20
Q
What did the financial panic in 1893 do to railroads?
A
It forced a quarter of the railroads into bankruptcy. So JP. Morgan and other bankers like him took control and consolidated the railroads. With competition eliminated railroads were able to stabilize rates and reduce debt.
21
Q
By 1900 what was going on with railroads?
A
There was barely any competition which made railroads more efficient and regional railroad monopolies were created since only a few powerful people now controlled railroads.
22
Q
How did people try to regulate the railroads?
A
The Granger laws passed by Midwestern states in the 1870s but were overturned by the courts, and the federal interstate commerce act of 1886 was at first ineffective. Until the progressive era where Congress expanded the powers of the Interstate Commerce commission to protect the public interest so customers and small investors wouldn’t feel like victims of slick financial schemes and ruthless practices.
23
Q
Why was there a second industrial revolution?
A
There was a growth of large scale industry and the production for steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery to produce other goods. Inventions led to other inventions.
24
Q
Why was the production of large quantities of steel so important?
A
It was a technological breakthrough. Henry Bessemer in England and William Kelly in the United States discovered how to make high quality steel. The great Lakes region became the center of steel production due to its abundant coal reserves and access to iron ore.
25
Who did the Leadership of the steel industry pass on to?
Andrew Carnegie, born in 1835 and immigrated to the United States where he started from poverty and made his way up to superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad. In 1870 he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh and beat the competition with his combination of salesmanship and latest technology.
26
What was Carnegie's business strategy?
Vertical integration, a company controls every stage of the industrial process from the beginning of the process to the end. By 1900 he had employed 20,000 workers and was producing more steel than any of the mills in Britain.
27
Who did Carnegie sell his steel business to?
JP. Morgan, the new corporation United States Steel was the first billion dollar company and the largest enterprise in the world employing 168,000 people and controlling more than 3/5 of the nations steel business.
28
Who was the first oil well drilled by?
Edwin Drake in 1859 in Pennsylvania.
29
Who founded an oil company that would come to control most of the nations oil refineries?
John D. Rockefeller
30
How did Rockerefeller take control of the oil refinery business?
He applied the latest technology and efficient practices. His company continued to grow which allowed him to force discounts from railroad companies and temporarily cut prices for Standard oil kerosene forcing rival companies to sell out.
31
How was Rockefeller's oil company doing in 1881?
His company known as the Standard Oil Trust controlled 90% of the oil refinery business
32
What strategy did Rockefeller use for his company?
Horizontal integration, former competitors were brought under a single corporate umbrella. This increased his profits and fortune. He also eliminated waste in the production of kerosene which kept prices low.
33
What did Rockefeller inspire?
organized trusts
34
Why was there an Antitrust movement?
Middle class citizens feared the trusts unchecked power and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the new rich. But reformers failed to remove the power of trusts on a state level so they moved to Congress and tried to get the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
35
What was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?
It prohibited any contract combination, in the form of trust or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.
36
What were failures of the Sherman Antitrust act of 1890?
It was vaguely worded so it didn't stop the development of trusts. And in the United States v. E.C. Knight Co. 1895 the Supreme Court ruled the act could only be applied to commerce not to manufacturing. So the U.S Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strengthened in the Progressive era.
37
What was Laissez-Faire Capitalism?
the idea of government regulation of business was alien to the prevailing economic, scientific, and religious beliefs of the late 19th century.
Simple Terms: an economy is strongest when the government stays out of the economy entirely, letting market forces behave naturally.
38
What did Adam Smith argue?
He was an economist that argues in The Wealth of nations that business should be regulated, not by the government but by the "invisible hand" of the law of supply and demand. Business would be motivated by their own self-interest to offer improved goods and services at low prices.
39
What is Social Darwinism?
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology. This offended many religious conservatives but agreed with the views of economic conservatives. The belief that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace.
Simple Terms: The rich are rich because they are fit to be while poor are poor because they are lazy and unfit.
40
What was Gospel of Wealth?
A justification of the wealth of successful industrialists and bankers. Hard work and material success are signs of God's favor to both his business and personal life.
41
What did Technology and innovations led to?
Greater productivity in the workplace and mass-produced goods in the home.
42
What was the first radical change in the speed of communications?
The invention of a workable telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse. Electronic communication by telegraph and rapid transportation by railroad were becoming standard parts of modern living especially in northern states.
43
How did Cyrus W. Field's invention of an improved transatlantic cable improve the world?
It made it possible to send a message across the sea in minutes and by 1900 cables linked all continents of the world in an electronic network of nearly instantaneous global communication. Which internationalized markets and prices for basic commodities.
44
Who was Thomas Edison?
Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century . He was a young telegraph operator and his first invention was a machine for recording votes in 1869. He had the world's first modern research laboratory. He introduced the concept of mechanics and engineers working on a project as a team rather than as lone inventors. His inventions included the phonograph, improvement of incandescent lamp (lightbulb), the dynamo for generating electric power, the mimeograph machine, and motion picture camera.
45
What did George Westinghouse invent?
He developed an air brake for railroads and a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current. The later inventions made it possible for lighting of cities, operation of electric streetcars, subways, and electrically powered machinery and appliances.
46
What did R.H. Macy in New York and Marshall Field in Chicago do?
made large department stores the place to shop in urban centers.
47
What did Frank Woolworth do?
His Five and Ten cent stores brought nationwide chain stores to the towns and urban neighborhoods.
48
What did Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward do?
They improved rail systems to ship rural customers everything from their catalogs also known as the "wish book"
49
What did refrigerated railroad cars do?
They allowed packers to change the eating habits of Americans with mass-produced meat and vegetable products.
50
What did advertising and new marketing techniques promote?
a consumer economy and a consumer culture in which shopping became a favorite pastime.
51
What was an impact of industrialization?
The growth of the American industry led to sharper economic and class divisions among the rich, middle class, and the poor.
52
What was the concentration of Wealth like in the 1890s?
The richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nations wealth. At the time there was a whole new class of millionaires many of whom flaunted their wealth in their lifestyles.
53
Who were the typical wealthy business people?
White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, male, came from upper or middle class, and had a father who was in business or banking.
54
what did industrialization do for the middle class?
There was much need for white collar workers to run the businesses. Middle management was needed to coordinate between the chief executives and the factories. Industrialization expanded the middle class by creating jobs for them. And, so the middle class employees increased the demands for services from other middle class workers. The increase in the number of good paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class..
55
What were wages like in 1900?
Wages were determined by the law of supply and demand. Since there was a large supply of immigrants competing for factory jobs wages were barely above the level needed for bare subsistence.
56
What did David Ricardo argue?
He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, and the availability of more workers would in turn cause wage to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery and starvation.
57
What did working class families depend on?
The income of women and children, during that time the average a family's income would be was less than $380 a year.
58
What was the belief about women in 1900?
Women began to work in the labor force for wages. Though most were young and single there were still some who were married. The belief was a women's proper role was at home raising the children if the family could afford it.
59
What kinds of jobs did women take?
They had jobs that most people perceived as an extension of the home but as the demand for clerical workers increased women started to move into formerly male occupations. occupations that became feminized usually lost status and received lower wages and salaries.
60
What were working conditions like?
They were dangerous, many workers were exposed to chemicals and pollutants which later caused chronic illnesses and early death.
61
Who held most of the power during the struggles of organized labor?
Management, they would easily replace strikers with strikebreakers or scabs which were people who were unemployed desperate for jobs.
62
What tactics did management use to defeat labor unions?
by the lockout, where they would close the factory to break up a labor movement before it could be organized, Blacklists which was a list of pro-union workers shared among employers, there was also the yellow-dog contracts which was where workers were being told as a condition for employment they had to sign an agreement to not join a union, employers would even call in private guards and state militia to put down strikes, and obtain court injunctions against strikers.
63
Why were labor Unions often divided?
They were divided on what methods to use to fight. Some wanted to use political action by working through laws and governments to protect workers rights. While others believed in direct confrontation like strikes, picketing, boycotts, and slowdowns to achieve better working conditions.
64
What was the Great railroad Strike of 1877?
One of the worst violent labor outbreaks broke out in 1877 because railroad companies were cutting wages to reduce costs in the economic depression. The strike happened on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad which spread across 11 states shutting down ⅔ of the countries rail trackage. The strike continued to get bigger since the railroad workers got support from 500,000 workers from other industries, the strike grew to a national scale. In response for the first time a president in this case Hayes used federal troops to end labor violence. When the strike finally ended there were more than 100 people who had been killed. Some employers improved the working conditions they were complaining about while others were cracking down on workers organizations
65
What was the National labor Union?
The first attempt to organize all workers in all states. Founded in 1866, they advocated the goals of higher wages, eight-hour day, equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives. Their victory was winning the eight-hour day for workers employed by the federal government but after that, they lost support.
66
What was the Knights of Labor?
A labor Union which began as a secret society to hide from employers. Led by Terrance V. Powerdly, went public in 1881 opening its membership to all workers no matter race or gender.
67
What did Powerdly advocate for?
Worker cooperatives to make each man his own employer
abolition of child labor
abolition of trusts and monopolies
68
What happened because the Knights of Labor were so loosely organized?
Powerdly was unable to control units that wanted to strike even though he was against solving their problems with strikes.
69
What was the Haymarket Bombing?
In Chicago in 1886 labor violence broke out. This was in response to the May day and they held a meeting in Haymarket square about advocating for 8 hour days and police tried to break them up and someone threw a bomb and it killed police officers.
70
How did the Haymarket Bombing lead to a decline in Knights of Labor memberships?
The bombing scared people and made the union movements look radical and violent.
71
What was the American Federation of Labor?
It was founded in 1886 as an association of 25 craft unions led by Samuel Gompers until 1924. They worked on attaining narrower economic goals. Gomper had his local unions of skilled workers walk out until employers agreed to negotiate a new contract. They soon became the nation's largest union.
72
What was the Homestead Strike?
Where Henry Clay Frick a manager of Carnegie's Homestead steel plant caused a strike because he cut wages by 20 percent. He used weapons, strikebreakers, and guards to defeat the steelworkers walkout after 5 months and this set back the union movements in the steel industry for a while.
73
What was the Pullman strike?
George Pullman who manufactured railroad sleeping cars announced a general cut in wages and fired leaders who tried to bargain with him. The workers at Pullman laid down their tools and looked for help from the American Railroad Union whose leader was Eugene V. Debs and directed workers to not handle any trains with Pullman cars, this tied up rail transportation across the country.
74
How did the Pullman strike fail?
Railroad owners sided with Pullman and attached his train cars to mail trains. Then persuaded president Grover Cleveland to use the army to keep mail trains running. A federal court issued an injunction forbidding interference with the operation of mail and ordered railroad workers to abandon the boycott and strike.
75
What happened in the case In re Debs (1895)?
The supreme approved the use of injunctions against strikes which increased the power of employers.
76
During the Gilded Age where did the industrialization occur?
Northeast and Midwest regions, parts of the country with the largest populations, the most capital, and best transportation. As these regions grew they developed into cities and attracted more immigrants and migrants from rural areas. They also created more middle class jobs.
77
How did the Great plains change?
It went from being dry, unable to support settlement with lots of buffalo to all he Buffalo being wiped out, had Homestead and ranches, crisscross by steel rails, and modernized.
78
Why did people keep moving into the Western Mountains?
The hope of being the ones to find gold and silver. California's gold rush set the pattern for other rushes so many miners were brought into the Western Mountains.
79
Where would miners look for gold?
They would first look in mountain streams which was called placer mining.
80
What were boomtowns?
Towns that rich strikers created that became famous for their saloons, dance hall girls, and vigilante justice. But, many became ghost towns in a few years after the gold and silver ran out.
81
In miner cities who was employed?
Experienced miners from Latin America, Europe, and China
82
In California how were foreign miners being treated?
There was a lot of hostility so they implicated a Miners tax of 20 dollars a month.
83
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882?
Prohibited further immigration to the United States by Chinese laborers. Political pressure to pass this act from western states. So immigrants from China were restricted until 1965. This was the first major act of congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality.
84
Who did American Indians lose their land to?
Miners pursuing instant riches.
85
Why was it easy to get into the cattle business?
Since cattle freely roamed the cattle and grass was free.
86
What did the construction of railroads into Kansas do?
Opened up eastern markets for the Texas cattle.
87
What was the discrimination with cowboys?
The African American and Mexican cowboys were only being paid a dollar a day for their dangerous work.
88
What factors closed down the cattle frontier?
Overgrazing destroyed the grass and a winter blizzard and drought killed off 90 percent of the cattle. The arrival of homesteaders because they put up fences that cut off access to formerly open range.
89
What did wealthy cattle owners do during the extinction of the cattle frontier?
They developed huge ranches and used scientific ranching techniques. They produced new breeds of cattle which provided more tender beef which changed Americans eating habits from pork to beef.
90
What did the Homestead Act encourage? Why?
It encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that agreed to settle there for 5 years. With the promise of free lands and the promotions of railroads families took advantage.
91
Why did many families have to purchase their land even though the homestead act gave families free land?
Because, the best public lands often ended up in the hands of railroad companies and speculators.
92
Why did the Great Plains lose most of their population by the 1900s?
The water and wood was non-existent and the lands were not in good condition.
93
What was the technique called that people who survived the Great Plains used?
Dry farming, then dams and irrigation saved many western farmers as humans reshaped rivers and the environment of the West to provide water for agriculture.
93
What did Fredrick Jackson Turner argue?
He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American Culture by promoting independence and individualism. The frontier was a powerful social leveler, breaking down class distinctions and thus fostering social and political democracy. He also challenges that the frontier life caused Americans to be innovative and practical minded but also wasteful in their attitude towards natural resources
94
What was the problem with the Reserve policy?
In 1830 Andrew Jackson's policy to remove eastern American Indians to the west was based on the belief that the lands to the west of Mississippi would permanently remain "Indian country." This was false as wagon trails and railroads moved westwards so the federal government began to assign the Plains tribes large tracts of land with definite boundaries but mostly tribes did not follow because they did not want to construct their selves with in the reserve an d continued to follow the migrating buffalo.
95
What were the Indian wars?
Started from the violence caused by the miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian land. There were constant fights between the U.S. troops and tribes which were brutal. And so they had to try and negotiate new treaties. They attempted to isolate the Plains Indians on smaller reservations with federal agents promising government support but gold miners refused to stay off American Indians land if gold was to be found on them.
96
What did the Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 do?
It ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes.
97
what was the ghost dance?
A religious movement that was the American Indians last effort to resist U.S. government control. They believed it could return prosperity to American Indians
98
What happened during the Sioux war?
The Sioux ambushed and destroyed Colonel Custer’s command at Little Big Horn in 1876
99
What marked the end of the Indian Wars?
In December 1890, the U.S. army gunned down more than 200 American Indians during the battle of Wounded Knee in the Dakotas
100
What did reformers advocate for when it came to American Indians culture?
Ending it with assimilation, they advocated for formal education, job training, and conversion to Christianity.
101
What was the Carlisle School mean't to do?
Segregate American Indian children from their people and teach them white culture and farming and industrial skills
102
What was the Dawes Act of 1887 mean't to do?
It was designed to break up tribal organizations which many Americans felt kept them from becoming civilized and law abiding citizens.
103
What was the Dawes Act of 1887?
Divided the tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres depending on family size. Citizenship was granted to those who agreed to stay on the land for 25 years and adopt the habits of civilized life. Under the Dawes Act the government distributed over 47 million acres of land to American Indians and 90 million acres of former reservation land especially the best lands were sold to white settlers by the government, speculators, or American Indians themselves. This policy was a failure because disease and poverty killed off most of the American Indian population and the ones who lived were prisoners to the federal government.
104
What happened in 1924 with citizenship?
Since the Dawes Act proved to be a failure the U.S. federal government granted citizenship to all American Indians.
105
What was the Indian Reorganization Act 1934?
It was part of President Franklin Roosevelt's new deal and it promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture.
106
What happened to Spanish speaking Landowners in California and the Southwest after the Mexican war ended in 1848?
They were guaranteed property rights and granted citizenship.
107
Where did most Mexican Americans find work?
Sugar beet fields and the mines of western Colorado and the building of western railroads
108
What was the Conservative movement?
There were concerns over deforestation so Congress decided to preserve some western national parks. Carl Shurz advocated for the creation of forest preserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. So President Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland reserved 33 million acres of national timber.
109
What did Conservationist believe in?
Scientific management and regulated use of natural resources.
110
What did Preservationist believe in?
They aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference.
111
What did The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and the Forest Management Act of 1897 do?
Withdrew federal timer lands from development and regulated their use.
112
What did Henry Grady do?
Spread beliefs of economic diversity an laissez-faire Capitalism in the south. he promoted a new vision of a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.
113
Because of the economic progress and industrialization in the South what did that mean for Southern railroads?
Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to the standard gauge rails used in the North and West, so the South was integrated into the nation rail network.
114
Even though there was industrialization in the South why were they still the poorest region in the country?
northern investors controlled 3/4 of the Southern railroads and had control of the South's steel industry. A large share of the profits went to northern banks and financiers and workers in the south earned half the national average and worked longer hours.
115
What were the major factors that led to the poverty of Southerners?
The South's late start at industrialization
A poorly educated workforce- the south failed to invest in technical and engineering schools and political leadership in the south was no help when it came to education.
116
What economic issue did Soutthern farmers face due to overproduction of cotton?
Lowered prices and debt
117
How did many farmers try to survive financially after the Civil War?
By borrowing supplies and becoming tenants or sharecroppers
118
What is a crop lien?
A legal claim by a lender on a farmer's crops as repayment for debt.
119
What effect did sharecropping and crop liens have on farmers?
They kept farmers in debt and tied to the land.
120
what did George Washington Carver promote?
He promoted the growth of new crops like peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans in the South so they didn't just rely on cotton.
121
How were small farmers in the South?
Bad, they remained in a cycle of debt and poverty.
122
What were the Framers' Southern Alliance and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance?
Organizations formed to address the issues faced by farmers. Both rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.
123
Why couldn't poor black and white farmers unite to form a powerful political force?
Economic interests and racial attitudes prevented unity.
124
With the end of reconstruction in 1877 what did the North do?
They withdrew its protection of the freedmen and left Southerners to work out solutions for their social and economic problems.
125
Who did redeemers win support from?
The business community and white supremacists . The group favored policies of separating, or segregating, public facilities for blacks and whites. They used race as a rally cry to deflect attention off the concerns of economics and discovered they could expert political power by playing not the racial fears of whites.
126
What happened in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?
The Supreme Court struck down one reconstruction act after the other. The Court rules Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens (businesses used by he public).
127
What was important about Plessy V. Ferguson?
The Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads and ruled that the law did not violate the 14th amendment guarantee of "equal protection of the laws."
128
What was the name of the segregation laws that were supported by federal courts?
Jim Crow Laws.
129
Why was there a decline in black voters from 1896-1904?
There were political and legal devices invented to prevent southern blacks from voting. Like literary tests, poll taxes, and political primaries for whites only. they also adopted the Grandfather Claudses which allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before the reconstruction.
130
Where did many African Americans suffer from discrimination?
In southern Courts, they were barred from serving on juries, given stiffer penalties than whites, sometimes not given the formality of a court-ordered sentence.
131
What did Ida B. Wells do?
SShe spoke up against segregation by campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow Laws in her black newspaper.
132
What did Bishop Henry do?
He advocated for migration so he formed the International migration Society in 1894 to help blacks emigrate to Africa.
133
What did Booker T. Washington do?
His response to oppression was to accommodate it. He established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans. There they learned skilled trades, virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. He said earning money is like having "a little green ballot." He organized the National negro Business League which supported African American owned businesses . His emphasis on racial harmony and economic cooperation won praise from many whites.
134
What did Northern and Western farmers start focus on raising in the 19th century?
Single cash crops for both national and international markets.
135
What did farms become more dependent on in the late 1800s?
Large and expensive machines, larger farms would run like factories so the small marginal farms who could not afford new equipment were driven out of business because they couldn't compete.
136
What was happening because of the increased production?
Prices went down. As prices fell farmers with mortgages faced both high interest rates and the need to grow more to pay off old debts. But increasing production only lowered prices so farmers were stuck in a circle of more debts and some were forced to become tenants or sharecroppers.
137
How were industrial corporations able to keep prices high?
They were able to keep prices high on manufactured goods by forming monopolistic trusts. Wholesalers and retailers took their cut before selling to farmers. Railroads, warehouses, and elevators charged high or discriminatory rates for he shipment and storage of grain. Local and state governments taxed property and land heavily but not tax income form stocks and bonds.
138
What was the National Grange Movement?
organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley, it was a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. As it expanded it became active in economics and politics to defend members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads. Grangers established cooperatives and successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pas laws.
139
What was important about Wabash v. Illinois?
The Supreme Court rules that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. In effect, the Court's decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers.
140
What was the Interstate Commerce Act of 1886?
Congress' first federal effort to regulate the railroads. It required railroad rates to be reasonable and just. It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, Interstate Commerce Commission which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices.
141
How did the regulatory commission end up helping railroads more than farmers?
The new commission lost most of its cases int he federal courts in the 1890s and the ICC helped railroads by stabilizing rates and curtailing destructive competition.
142
What was important about Farmers' Alliances?
Their alliances were always about economic and political action. The alliance movement had serious potential for creating an independent national party, both poor white and black farmers joined the movement.
143
What did Ocala delegates support?
Direct election of U.S. senators
Lower tariff rates
A graduated income tax (people with higher incomes pay higher taxes)
A new banking system regulated by the federal government
144
What did the Ocala alliance platforms demand?
Treasury notes and silver be used to increase the amount t of money in circulation. they hoped this would inflate prices and they would be free of their dependency on middlemen and creditors.
