Period 6 Part 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
In 1893 what was Chicago the city of?
A
Immigrants, 3/4 of the population were immigrants
2
Q
Who lived in the suburban parts?
A
The wealthy, they were able to move farther from the city because there were streetcars and railroads they could use to get to work. While poor lived in the old parts of the city near the factories.
3
Q
What did the real Chicago and the “White City” represent?
A
How industrialization, immigration, and urbanization were transforming the nature of American society in the late 19th century.
4
Q
What does it mean visitors of Chicago experienced a “gray city”?
A
They experienced pollution, poverty, crime, and vice.
5
Q
What were some pushes that made Europeans emigrate?
A
The poverty for displaced farmworkers driven from the land by political turnoil and mechanization of farmwork.
Over crowding and joblessness in cities
Religious persecution (particularly of Jews)
6
Q
hat were some pulls that made Europeans come to the US?
A
Political and religious freedom
Economic opportunities
Abundance of industrial jobs in cities
Introduction of large steam ships and inexpensive “one way” passage in ships steerage made it possible for poor people to come to the US
7
Q
What were old immigrants?
A
Came from Northern and Western Europe like British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. Protestants, Irish or German Catholic. They were English speaking, literate, and had skills.
8
Q
What were new immigrants?
A
Came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians. They were poor and illiterate peasants. They were Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish.
9
Q
What were “birds of passage”?
A
Young men contracted for unskilled factory, mining, and construction jobs who would return to their home lands once they saved enough money to bring home to their families.
10
Q
Who did the restrictions of 1882 on immigration of undesirable persons restrict?
A
Paupers, criminals, convicts, and those diagnosed and mentally incompetent.
11
Q
What did the Contract labor law of 1885 do?
A
It restricted temporary workers to protect American workers.
12
Q
What did immigrants have to do before entering the United States?
A
Pass a literacy test, pass medical exams, and pay a tax.
13
Q
What groups supported the efforts to restrict immigration?
A
Labor Unions, feared employers would use immigrants to depress wages and break strikes.
Nativist Party’s, American Protection Association who was prejudiced against Roman Catholics
Social Darwinist, viewed new immigrants as inferior to English and Germanic stocks
14
Q
Why was the shift form rural to urban so obvious?
A
40 percent of Americans lived in towns or cities. Millions of young Americans moved to cities to seek new economic opportunities. Many left farms for industrial and commercial jobs especially African Americans who moved from the South to the Northern and Western cities.
15
Q
How did people who lived miles away from their jobs commute?
A
Horse drawn streetcars which were later replaces by electric trolleys, elevated railroads, subways, and the building of massive steel suspended bridges.
16
Q
How did mass transportation increase segregation?
A
Upper and middle classes moved to streetcar suburbs to escape pollution, poverty, and crime in the city. The older parts of the city were left to the poor working class many of whom were immigrants. This contributed to the race, class, ethnic, and cultural divisions in American Society.
17
Q
What made the invention of skyscrapers possible?
A
The Otis elevator and central steam-heating system with radiators in every room. By 1900, steel framed skyscrapers for offices of industry had replaced church spires as the dominant feature of American urban skylines.
18
Q
How did Landowners increase profits in neighborhoods?
A
Divided up inner city housing into small windowless rooms. This made it so you could cram up to 4,000 people on one city block.
19
Q
Because of the unbelievable housing conditions what did New York do?
A
They passed a law in 1879 that required each bedroom to have a window. So landlords created so-called dumbbell tenements with ventilation shafts in the center of the building to provide windows for each room for cheap. But, the overcrowding the the filth in new tenements continued to promote the spread of deadly diseases.
20
Q
Why did different immigrant groups create distinct ethnic neighborhoods?
A
So each group could maintain their own language, culture, church or temple, and social club. And, supported their own newspapers and schools. Many of these ghetto neighborhoods served as springboards for ambitious and hardworking immigrants and their children to achieve their version of the American Dream.
21
Q
What factors made it affordable to move out to the suburbs?
A
Abundant land available at low cost
Inexpensive transportation by rail
Low cost construction methods
Ethnic and racial prejudice
American fondness for grass, privacy, and detached individual houses
22
Q
what architect went on to design suburban communities?
A
Fredrick Law Olmsted
23
Q
What was the American ideal of comfortable living?
A
A single family living I a suburban communities with a lawn. The U.S. became the worlds first suburban nation.
24
Q
What factors convinced reform-minded citizens and government officials the need for municipal water purification, sewerage systems, waste disposal, street lighting, police departments, and zoning laws to regulate urban development?
A
Increasing disease, crime, waste, water pollution, and air pollution.
25
What was the "City Beautiful" movement?
Advanced grand plans to remake American cities with tree lines boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions.
26
What were Political Machines?
A tightly organized group of politicians. Each group has a boss, which was the top politician who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out government jobs to loyal supporters. Most started out as social clubs and later developed into power centers to coordinate the needs of businesses, immigrants, and the underprivileged. In return the machines asked for peoples votes on election day.
27
What did Political Machines do?
They brought modern services to the city including a crude form of welfare for newcomers, find jobs and apartments for new immigrants, and handed out food to the poor. Though they were generous, they were also greedy. They stole millions from taxpayers in the form of graft and fraud. (Example Boss Tweed)
28
What did Henry George's book call attention to?
The alarming inequalities in wealth caused by industrialization
29
In his book Progress and Poverty what did George suggest to solve poverty?
To replace all taxes with a single tax on land.
30
What was the popular book of social criticism "Looking backward 2000-1887"?
A book of social criticism that envisioned a future era in which a cooperative society had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. It helped shift the American public opinion away from the pure laissez-faire and towards greater government regulation.
31
What was important about young reformers and settlement houses?
Young well educated men and women of middle class settled into immigrant neighborhoods and lived in settlement houses to learn first hand about the struggles and come up with experiments to relieve the effects of poverty.
32
What was the Hull House in Chicago?
One of the most famous poverty relieving experiments created by Jane Addams and an a college classmate in 1889. They taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, taught industrial arts, established neighborhood theaters and music schools.
33
What were settlement workers like?
They were civic minded volunteers who created the foundations for he later jobs of social workers. They were also political activists who crusaded for child-labor laws, housing reform, and women's rights.
34
What was social gospel?
The idea of applying Christian principles to social problems.
35
Who led the Social Gospel movement in the late 19th century and early 20th century?
Walter Rauschendbusch who was a Baptist minister from New York. He worked in the poverty stricken neighborhood in New York called Hell's Kitchen and wrote books advocating for religious groups to take up the cause of social justice. His social gospel preaching linked Christianity with the progressive reform movement and encouraged many middle class protestants to attack urban problems.
36
What religion grew due to he influx of immigrants?
Roman Catholicism, Catholic leaders devoted support of old and new immigrants by defending the Knights of Labor and the cause of organized labor.
37
What did Dwight Moody do?
helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. The salvation army provided necessities to the homeless and poor while preaching Christianity.
38
What did Mary Baker Eddy do?
Taught that good health was the result of correct thinking about "father Mother God", her church was known as Christian Science.
39
What were some family consequences from rural to urban living?
Placed severe strains on families and isolated children from extended family and village support
Divorce rate increased
Birth rates and family sizes dropped because children were seen as an economic liability
40
Who founded the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony of New York.
41
What was the first state to grant full suffrage to women?
Wyoming
42
What was important about the Temperance Movement?
Drinking of alcohol by male factory workers was a factor that led many immigrant and working class families to poverty. So the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was formed to advocate total abstinence from alcohol.
43
What was the Antisaloon League?
A powerful political force that persuaded 21 states to close down all their bars and saloons. But, Carry A. Nation was unwilling to wait for the laws to change and would raid saloons and smash barrels of beer.
44
What did early Theodore Roosevelt do?
He was a young reformers who tried to clean up the NYPD of corruption and as a result he became a vice-presidential nominee and later president.
45
What did Elementary schools teach?
The 3 r's reading, writing, arithmetic, and the traditional values shown in texts.
46
What education law increased the number of students enrolled?
Compulsory education law which required children to attend school. As a result the literacy rate increased and the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular which showed the growing interest of early childhood education.
47
What was a significant change in schools?
Lower-grade schools was the growing support for tax-supported public high schools. They used to follow the college preparatory curriculum of private academies but soon public schools became more comprehensive and provided vocational and citizenship education for a changing urban society.
48
What was the result of the increasing number of U.S. colleges?
land-grant colleges established under the federal Morrill Acts of 1862
Universities founded by wealthy philanthropists
The founding of new colleges for women
49
How did college curriculum's change?
There was a reduction in the number of required courses
Introduction of electives
Specialization in advanced graduate studies
An emphasis on research and free inquiry
Addition of social activities, fraternities, and intercollegiate sports
As a result the US has their first generation of scholars that could compete with the intellectual achievements of Europeans.
50
What did Richard T. Ely of Johns Hopkins do?
He attacked the Laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and outdated and used economics to study labor unions, trusts, and other existing economic institutions so he could understand them and suggest remedies for the economic problems.
51
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?
A social scientist who used new statistical methods to study crime in urban neighborhoods. He was the first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard and was the leading black intellectual of the era. He advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to high education for the talented tenth of African Americans.
52
What did Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Argue?
That the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs and not remain restricted by legal precedents and judicial decisions of the past.
53
What did Clarence Darrow argue?
That criminal behavior could be caused by a person's environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse.
54
What works of literature did regionalist writers portray?
They depicted life in the rough mining camps of the West. Or revealed the greed, violence, and racism of American Society.
55
What did naturalism writers focus on?
How emotions and experience shaped human experience.
Examples:
How a brutal urban environment could destroy the lives of young people
fear and human nature on the Civil War battlefield
Conflict between nature and civilization
56
What were paintings like?
Some responded to the new emphasis on realism while other continued to cater to the popular taste for romantic subjects.
57
What paintings upset realists and romanticists?
The abstract nonrepresentational paintings
58
Where did most architects find inspiration?
Classical Greek and Roman styles
59
What style did Henry Hobson Richardson use in architecture?
Medievel Romanesque style
60
What style did Louis Sulivan use in architecture?
He rejected historical styles and went on a quest of a suitable style for the tall steel framed office buildings.
61
What style did Frank Lloyd Wright use in architecture?
He developed an organic style that was in harmony with its natural surroundings.
62
What kind of architecture did Fredrick Law Olmsted do?
he designed parks, parkways, campuses, suburbs, and urban landscaping.
63
Who were the greatest innovators of the music industry at the time?
African Americans in new Orleans since they expanded the music industry. Jazz, ragtime, and blues continued to increase in popularity as people in New Orleans moved into urban areas up North, some major cities where the music industry grew was Memphis, St.Louis, Kansas city, and Chicago.
64
What was Jazz music?
Jazz is a musical genre that combined African rhythms with European instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured format.
65
What did Scott Joplin do?
he was a black composer and performer who sold about a million copies of his sheet music “Maple Leaf Rag”. This helped bring African american music into mainstream culture.
66
Why was Blues music important?
The Blues expressed the pain of the black experience.
67
What was the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation?
Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, his newspaper consisted of stories of crimes, disasters, and features about political and economic corruption
68
what did new printing technologies and advertising do?
helped lower costs so magazines became cheap and widely available to the public in the 1880s.
69
What factors contributed to the growth of leisure time activities?
Urbanization, less working hours, improved transportation, promotional billboards and advertising, and the decline of restrictive puritan and Victorian values that discouraged wasting time on play all contributed to the growth of leisure time activities.
70
What were popular pastime activities?
Despite the Temperance movement drinking and talking was the most popular pastime activity. But, there were theaters that performed comedies and dramas that flourished in large cities. Then there was the rail network which encouraged traveling circuses like the Ringling brothers who created circus trains that moved a huge number of acts and animals from different places. There was also the Wild West show which was a traveling theatrical performance that showcased a dramatized version of life in the West by William F. Cody and featured Annie Oakley which was a big star during that time, the show became very popular in urbanized cities. Computer streetcar and railroad companies also influenced the leisure time activities by creating parks in the countryside near the end of line so they could keep their cars running on sundays and holidays.
71
What did boxing do?
Attracted male spectators from all classes.
72
Why was baseball an urban game?
It demanded the teamwork needed for an industrial age. owners organized teams into leagues like trusts were. Soon baseball became a national pastime.
73
How did Jim Crow Laws affect baseball?
It prevented blacks from playing on all-white big-league baseball teams.
74
What does it mean American spectator sports were part of a bachelor subculture?
They were played and attended by men and meant for single men in their twenties and thirties who lived centered around saloons, horse races, and pool halls. It took years for some spectator sports to gain middle class respectability.
75
Why were amateur sports started?
People saw sports as a healthy exercise for the body but women were considered unfit for competitive sports so they engaged in recreational activities,
76
Who did sports clubs discriminate against?
Jews, Catholics, and African Americans.
77
What factors contributed to the complacency and conservatism during the era of the Gilded Age?
Prevailing political ideology
Campaign tactics of the parties
Party patronage
78
What was both parties campaign strategy?
Since elections between the two parties were very close no one took strong positions on issues.
79
What were election campaigns characterized by?
Brass bands, flags, campaign buttons, picnics, free beer, and crowd pleasing oratory.
80
What was the Republican campaign strategy?
They waved the bloody shirt every campaign reminding people of the violence caused by Southern Democrats and that Lincoln was murdered by a Democrat. Most of their votes were from reformers and African Americans. The core of the Republican strength came from men in business, middle-class, Anglo Saxon Protestants many of whom supported the temperance or prohibition. The Republicans supported a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (Hamilton and Whig tradition)
81
What was the Democrats campaign strategy?
They were able to count on the former Confederate states. The North Democratic strength came from Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews who objected to the temperance and prohibition crusades conducted by Protestant groups. They argued for states rights and limiting powers for the federal government. (Jefferson tradition)
82
What were politics like in this era?
It was a game of winning elections, holding office, and providing government jobs to the party since there was no active legislative agenda.
83
What were Republican Senator Roscoe Conkling and his supporters known as?
Stalwarts, supported the patronage.
84
What were the rivals of the patronage led by James G. Blaine known as?
Halfbreeds, who got patronage jobs within the party became a more important issue than any policy.
85
What were Republicans who did not play the patronage game called?
Mugwumps, for sitting on the fence their "mugs" on one side of the fence and "wumps" on the other.
86
What was Rutherford B. Hayes' most significant act?
End reconstruction by withdrawing the last federal troops from the South. He tried to re-establish an honest government after the corruption during the Grant administration. He and his wife cut off the flow of liquor in the White House and Hayes vetoed efforts to restrict Chinese immigration.
87
What were Republicans willing to compromise with and why?
They were willing to compromise on the nomination of the "Halfbreed" James A. Garfield of Ohio and "Stalwar"t Chester A. Arthur of New York as vice president because they were more interested in spoils and patronage than reform.
88
How did Chester A. Arthur become President?
Garfield's choices of Halfbreeds for most offices provoked a bitter contest with Senator Conkling and his Stalwarts. A deranged office seeker who identified as a Stalwart shot Garfield and Garfield died 11 weeks later so Arthur became president.
89
How was Chester A. Arthur during presidency?
He proved to be better than expected
He distanced himself from the Stalwarts, supporting a bill reforming the civil service which expended the number of employees hired based on their qualifications rather than political connections
Approved the development of a modern American Navy
Questioned high protective tariffs
90
What were Congresses Lawmakers careers like?
long but undistinguished.
91
Why did Blaine not win the election of 1884?
suspicion about Blaine's honesty was enough for the reform-minded Mugwumps to switch up and campaign for Democrats nominee Grover Cleveland.
92
What did Cleveland believe in?
Frugal and limited government in the tradition of Jefferson. He implemented the new civil service system and vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for those falsely claiming to have served or been injured in the Civil War
93
What did Cleveland sign into law?
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (federal governments first effort to regulate business)
The Dawes Act
94
What was the Pendleton Act of 1881?
It set up Civil Service Commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected and the basis of their scores on a competitive exam. Also prohibited civil servants from making political contributions.
95
What was the most debated issue of the Gilded Age?
How much to expand the money supply
96
What did Debtors, farmers, and start-up businesses want?
More easy or soft money since it would enable them to:
Bowwow money at lower interest rates
Pay off their loans more easily with inflated dollars
97
What did bankers, creditors, investors, and established businesses want?
Sound or hard money meaning currency backed by gold stored in government vaults. Argues dollars backed by gold would hold their value against inflation.
98
What was the Specie Resumption Act?
It withdrew all greenbacks from circulation.
99
What was the Greenback party?
A political party created by those who supported paper money. When the hard time soft the 1870s was over the party died out but the goal of increasing the amount of money in circulation did not.
100
What was the Crime of 1873?
Congress in the 1870s stopped the coining of silver.
101
What was the Bland-Allison Act?
It allowed only a limited coinage of between 2 million and 4 million in silver each month at the standard silver to gold ratio of 16 to 1.
102
What was the problem with high tariffs?
They raised taxes on consumer goods and other nationals retaliated by placing taxes on their own U.S. farm products.
103
What did Cleveland propose near the end of his first term?
He proposed that Congress set lower tariff rates, since there was a growing surplus in the federal Treasury and the government did not need the added tax revenue.
104
What did Republicans argue about tariffs?
Lower tariffs would wreck business prosperity.
105
What did the first Billion dollar budget enact?
The McKinley tariff of 1890 which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of more than 48 percent
Increases in the monthly pensions to Civil War veterans, widows, and children
The Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawing combination in restraint of trade
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 which increased the coinage of silver
A bill to protect the voting rights of African Americans passed by the house but defeated in the Senate.
106
Why did voters in the Midwest replace Republicans with Democrats?
They didn't like the unpopular measures passed by Republican legislators like the prohibition of alcohol and laws requiring business to close on Sundays. Voters who were neither Anglo-Saxon nor Protestant rushed back to the Democrats.
107
What did the Alliance movement lead to?
The creation of a new political party the Populisyt party.
108
What was the populist party?
They were people determined to do something about the concentration of economic power in the hands of trusts and bankers.
109
How did the Populist party demand an increase in the power of common voters?
Direct popular election of U.S. Senators
Use of initiatives and referendums, procedures that allowed citizens to vote directly on proposed laws
110
What did the Populists advocate for?
Unlimited coinage of silver to increase money supply
A graduated income tax
Public ownership of railroads by the U.S. government
Loans and federal warehouses for farmers to enable them to stabilize prices for their crops
Eight house day for industrial workers
111
Why was the populist movement revolutionary?
They tried to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. In the South they were able to unite poor farmers from both races to untie their common economic grievances.
112
How did Cleveland end up winning the election of 1892?
The populist party failed due to the fear it gave people of poor blacks and whites uniting. He won in part because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley Tariff.
113
What was the Panic of 1893?
The stock market crashed as a result to overspeculation and dozens of railroads went into bankruptcy. the depression continued for almost 4 years. Cleveland dealt with this crisis by championing the gold standard and otherwise adopting a hands-off policy towards the economy.
114
What did the president do as a result of the gold reserve dropping to a new low?
Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Act of 1890 but it still didn't stop the gold drain. So the President turned to wall Street banker JP. Morgan and borrowed 65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard.
115
What did the Wilson-Gorman tariff in 1894 do?
provided a moderate reduction in the tariff rates
Included a 2 percent income tax on incomes of more than 2,000 (only those with higher incomes would be subject to the income tax) but later the Supreme Court declared an income tax unconstitutional.
116
what did Coxey's Army demand?
That the federal government spend 500 million on public works programs to create jobs.
117
How were Democrats divided in 1896?
Between gold Democrats loyal to Cleveland and prosilver Democrats looking for a leader.
118
What made Bryan the Democrat nominee?
His "Cross of Gold" speech.
119
What were McKinley, Hanna, and the Republicans doing?
McKinley was known for his support of high protective tariffs and considered a friend of Labor. Hanna made a fortune from business and was the leading financial power behind the nomination. The Republicans continued to blame the Democrats for the panic of 1893 and promised Americans of a strong and prosperous industrial nation. They would do this by proposing a high protective tariff to protect the industry and uphold the gold standard against unlimited coinage of silver.
120
What did Bryan convince millions of farmers and Debtors of?
That the unlimited coinage of silver was their salvation.
121
What did McKinley and Hanna make business leaders believe?
They raised millions of dollars from business leaders who feared the "silver lunancy" since it would lead to runaway inflation.
122
In the last weeks of the campaign what was Bryan hurt by?
A rise in wheat prices (made farmers less desperate)
Employers telling their workers that factories will shut down if Bryan was elected
123
What increased the money supply under the gold standard?
Gold discoveries in Alaska, which resulted in the inflation that the silverites wanted.
124
What did the Dingley Tariff of 1897 do?
Made gold the official standard of U.S. currency.
125
What was the significant of the election of 1896?
It marked the end of the stalemate and stagnation that had characterized politics in the Gilded Age. It was an era of Republican dominance because of the defeat of Bryan and the Populist free silver movement. The Republicans switched from free soil, free labor, and free men to a party of business and industry and advocated for a strong national government.
126
Why did the Populist party give up?
They gave up on trying to unite poor blacks and white because they realized that racism was stronger than common economic interests. But some of the populist reform agenda was adopted by Democrats and Republicans during the reform minded Progressive era.(1900-1917)
127
What did the election of 1896 look like?
It was a clear victory for big businesses, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle class values. It was the last hope of rural America to reclaim its dominance. The election marked the triumph of the values of modern industrial and urban America.
128
What was the Modern era of politics?
McKinley emerged as the first modern president. He took the United States from being relatively isolated to becoming a major player in international affairs.
