periodicity 3.2.1 in papers 1 + 3

Question 1

why do metallic bonds get stronger?

Answer 1

metal ions have increasing nuclear charge and decreasing radius which leads to high electrostatic forces which holds the ions more strongly in the lattice

Question 2

what happens as protons increases?

Answer 2

electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron increases making the atomic radius smaller

Question 3

explain the dip in I.E in group 2 - 3?

Answer 3

• new shell so slight increase in shielding
• p sub shell is futher away from the nucleus than the s sub shell so easier to overcome
• weaker attraction between nucleus and outer electron

Question 4

explain the dip in I.E in group 5-6

Answer 4

• paired outer elctron so experience electron electron repulsion, making electron easier to remove and overcome