Periods 1 and 2

Question 1

How did Native Americans get to North and South America?

Answer 1

Bering Strait

Question 2

What urban cultures was occupied the territory that would become the United States?

Answer 2

pueblo people- desert southwest, multistory stone houses

Chinook people- Pacific Northwest, hunting and foraging

Question 3

The transition from what to what enabled stable economies and organized societies to prosper throughout Mesoamerica and the Southwest region of the modern-day US?

Answer 3

hunting and gathering to maize production enabled stable economies and organized societies to prosper througout Mesoamerica.
It also encouraged advancements in irrigation and other advanced agricultural practices.

Question 4

Columbian Exchange

Answer 4

Europeans introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas

Question 5

What did the Spanish do after Columbus returned?

Answer 5

conquistadors founded coastal towns, collected and exported wealth

Question 6

encomienda system

Answer 6

crown granted colonists authority over natives, and the colonist was obliged to protect those natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in turn was entitled to the natives’ labor

Question 7

What social change occurred as a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of North America?

Answer 7

mixing of cultures .leading to a racial caste system
Europeans
Mestizos
Zambos
Africans

Question 8

What kept other European powers from establishing a foothold in the New World?

Answer 8

Spain’s navy, the Spanish Armada

Question 9

What made French and English colonization of North America easier?

Answer 9

the defeat of the Armada by the English navy

Question 10

Why were Europeans generally victorious in early conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers?

Answer 10

not tech- Natives had superior technology like canoes and moccasins
DISEASE= most important factor, epidemics devastated Native American settlements

Question 11

Why did European nations explore the New World?

Answer 11

wealth and resources, converts, and wanting to play a dominant role in geopolitics

Question 12

What made sailing across the Atlantic Ocean safer and more efficient?

Answer 12

improvements in navigation, such as the sextant

Question 13

How did intercontinental trade become more organized?

Answer 13

the creation of joint stock companies

Question 14

What joint stock company settled Jamestown?

Answer 14

Virginia Company

Question 15

Increased trade and development in the New World also led to what?

Answer 15

Increased conflict and prejudice, debate over how Native Americans should be treated

Question 16

Juan de Seplveda

Answer 16

dominance and enslavement of Native populations

Question 17

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 17

peace and tolerance

Question 18

Spain was successful in converting much of Mesoamerica to Catholicism through what?

Answer 18

Spanish mission system

Question 19

As the use of African slaves increased, Africans adapted to the new environment by blending the language and religion of their masters with the preserved traditions of their ancestors. What occurred as a result of this?

Answer 19

New religions, such as voodoo (a blend of Christianity and tribal animism)

Question 20

What was England’s first attempt to settle North America?

Answer 20

Roanoke Island- Sir Walter Raleigh, but colony disappeared

Question 21

What was the second English colony?

Answer 21

Jamestown- funded by joint-stock company (Virgina Company), wanted gold but found none, most died due to starvation or disease

Question 22

John Rolfe

Answer 22

a survivor of Jamestown, married Pocahontas, easing tension between natives and English settlers
Pioneered practice of growing tobacco

Question 23

What caused rapid expansion of English colonies and the development of plantation slavery?

Answer 23

tobacco- requires vast acreage and depletes soil

Question 24

As new settlements sprang up around Jamestown, what did the area come to be known as?

Answer 24

the Chesapeake

Question 25

Why did many people migrate to the Chesapeake?

Answer 25

financial reasons- widespread famine, disease, and poverty in England

Question 26

Indentured servitude

Answer 26

in return for free passage, indentured servants promised 7 years of labor after which they would receive their freedom. Throughout th e17th century, they also received a small piece of property with their freedom, enabling them to survive and vote

Question 27

headright system

Answer 27

introduced by the Virginia Company in 1618 to attract new settlers and address labor shortage created by emergence of tobacco farming, which required a large number of workers. headright = tract of land granted to colonists and potential settlers

Question 28

House of Burgesses

Answer 28

a government system established by Virginia, in which any property holding, white male could vote. All decisions had to be approved by the Virginia Company

Question 29

characterization of French colonization

Answer 29

conversion to Roman Catholicism, more likely to spread diseases than convert large numbers to Christianity had a lighter impact on native peoples- settlers who came tended to be single men, stayed on the move

Question 30

coureurs du bois

Answer 30

helped trade furs

Question 31

How did Spain interact with native inhabitants?

Answer 31

tended to conquer and enslave native inhabitiants, made great efforts to convert Native Americans to Catholicism overwhelmingly male many had children with native women- mestizos

Question 32

How did France interact with native inhabitants?

Answer 32

tended to ally with them and adopt native practices, settlements were sparsely populated

Question 33

How did England interact with native inhabitants?

Answer 33

attempte to exclude Native Americans as much as possible unlike other powers which depended on them. Entire families arrived, so intermixing was rare When English colonies grew to the point of conflict- launched wars of extermination

Question 34

Puritanism

Answer 34

Protestant movement with goal to purify the church

Question 35

Separatists

Answer 35

a Puritan group who thought Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it left England in Mayflower and settled in Plymouth

Question 36

What was the basic legal system established by the Pilgrims?

Answer 36

the Mayflower Compact- created a legal authority and an assembly, but also asserted that government's power derives from the consent of the governed and not from God

Question 37

Who helped the Pilgrims?

Answer 37

Native Americans- Squanto, who had been captured and brought to Europe as a slave, learned English and returned to homeland, became interpreter of Pilgrims and taught them to plant

Question 38

Massachusetts Bay colony

Answer 38

CONGREGATIONALISTS- wanted to reform church from within led by John Winthrop, developed along Puritan ideals- gobernment wasd to be a covenant among the people, work was to serve a communal ideal, and Puritan church was always to be served both Separatists and Congregationalists did not tolerate religious freedom in their colonies

Question 39

Roger Williams

Answer 39

a minster in Salem taught that church and state should be separate, was banished, founded Rhode Island colony that allowed for the free exercise of religion

Question 40

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 40

proponent of belief that faith and God's grace were enough to earn one a place among the "elect/" challenged Puritan beliefs, was banished

Question 41

Why did Puritan immigration to New England come to a near halt between 1649 and 1660?

Answer 41

Oliver Cromwell ruled England and Puritans won English Civil Wars, so Puritans had little motive to move to the New World since freedom to practice their religion and representation in the government was available to them in England

Question 42

How did the settlers in New England and the Chesapeake differ?

Answer 42

New England: entire families, hospitable climate so lived longer and had larger families, stronger sense of community, absence of tobacco as a cash crop= lived in larger towns that were closer together, small farms, required less labor so slavery was rare Chesapeake: single males, smaller, more spread-out farming communities, larger farms- required more slaves

Question 43

What colonies were proprietorships? (owned by one person)

Answer 43

Connecticut, Maryland, New York

Question 44

What was the Maryland colony like?

Answer 44

granted to Cecilius Calvert- hoped to create a colony for Catholics who faced religious persecution, but also hoped to make a profit growing tobacco Offered religious tolerance to populate more quickly, but Protestants soon outnumbered Catholics, recreating England's old tension

Question 45

Act of Toleration

Answer 45

Act passed by maryland's government to protect the religious freedom of most Christians- not enough to keep the situation from devolving into religious civil war

Question 46

Pennsylvania colony

Answer 46

started by William Penn, a Quaker- established liberal policies toward religious freedom and civil liberties tried to treat Native Americans more fairly than other colonies did

Question 47

What happened to most of the proprietary colonies?

Answer 47

they were converted to royal colonies

Question 48

Powhatan Wars

Answer 48

the earliest conflicts between English settlers and the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia, over territorial disputes- Indians were granted reservation land

Question 49

Pequot War

Answer 49

Massachusetts tried to expand into land inhabited by Pequots- resisted. When Pequots attacked a Massachusetts settlement, members burned the main Pequot village

Question 50

The Beaver Wars

Answer 50

Iriquois Confederacy fought with Algonquian tribes over fur and fishing rights

Question 51

King Philip's War

Answer 51

Wampanoags led by Metacomet attacked settlements in retaliation for intrusion on Wampanoag territory. Formed an alliance with other tribes, destroyed English settlements but fell apart. Colonists devastated tribes

Question 52

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 52

Pueblo people led a successful revolt against the Spanish, killing hundreds and driving remaining settlers out of New Mexico. Spanish returned in 1692 and regained control but were more accommodating

Question 53

Chickasaw Wars

Answer 53

Chickasaw tribe (allied with the British) fought the Choctaw (allied with the French) for control of the land around the Mississippi River. Ended when Treaty of Paris was signed at the end of the Seven Years' War

Question 54

Why did Southern landowners turn increasingly to African slaves for labor?

Answer 54

Unlike Native Americans, African slaves did not know the land, so they were less likely to escape removed from homelands and communities unable to communicate with one another because they were from different regions of Africa easier to control dark skin made it easier to identify slaves, came to be associated with inferiority

Question 55

Middle Passage, triangular trade route

Answer 55

shipping route that brought the slaves to the Americas- middle leg of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa

Question 56

When did Congress end American participation in the Atlantic slave trade?

Answer 56

1808, but slavery itself did not end in the US until 1865

Question 57

salutary neglect

Answer 57

England regulated trade and government in its colonies but interfered in colonia affairs as little as possible colonies developed a large degree of autonomy- helped fuel revolutionary sentiments when the monarchy later attempted to gain greater control of the New World

Question 58

mercantilism

Answer 58

most Europeans subscribed to this- believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade and the control of specie

Question 59

How did the British government guarantee a favorable balance of trade?

Answer 59

placed protective tariffs on imports that might compete with English goods

Question 60

Navigation Acts

Answer 60

required colonists to buy goods only from England, to sell their products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty prohibited colonies from manufacturing goods that England already produced

Question 61

Wool Act

Answer 61

forbade the export of wool from the American colonies as well as importation Some colonists protested this law by dealing only in flax and help

Question 62

Molasses Act

Answer 62

imposed a tax upon the importation of sugar from the French West Indies- frequently refused to pay

Question 63

colonial government setup

Answer 63

``` governor- appointed by king or proprietor bicameral legislatures (except Pennsylvania) lower house members were elected and upper house was made of appointees ```

Question 64

New England Confederation

Answer 64

attempt toward centralized government in the colonies- provided colonists from different settlements the opportunity to meet and discuss their mutual problems

Question 65

Bacon's Rebellion

Answer 65

Virginians encroached on Native land- made frontier farmers subject to raids settlers sought to drive native tribes out. Nathaniel Bacon demanded that Governor William Berkeley let him raise a militia and attack, but he refuesed. Bacon went anyway, and then burned Jamestown

Question 66

Why is Bacon's Rebellion significant?

Answer 66

``` former indentured servants allied themselves with free blacks who were also disenfranchised alliance along class lines, not racial lines, frightened Southerners and led to the development of black codes precursor to American Revolution- as colonists pushed westward away from commercial and political centers- experienced a sense of alienation and desire for greater political autonomy ```

Question 67

Stono Rebellion

Answer 67

slave rebellion- 20 slaves stole guns and ammunition, liberated slaves as a result, many colonies passed more restrictive laws to govern behavior of slaves

Question 68

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 68

people, mostly women, tried on charges of witchcraft due to mass hysteria Puritans feared that their religion was being undermined by growing commercialism in cities

Question 69

Halfway Covenant

Answer 69

many were losing interest in the church, so Puritan clergy decided to baptize all children whose parents were baptized those who had not experienced the gift of God's grace were not allowed to vote however

Question 70

Great Awakening

Answer 70

a wave of religious revivalism exemplified by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Question 71

What did each of the colonial regions focus on?

Answer 71

New England- trade middle colonies- fertile land, focused on farming lower South- cash crops Chesapeake- slavery and tobacco, but also farmed grain

Question 72

What happened to most indentured servants before they earned their freedom?

Answer 72

approximately half died