Peripheral Circulation

Question 1

What is the RBC content per micro liter for men and women?

Answer 1

men 4.3-5.9 x 10^6, women 3.5-5.5 x 10^6

Question 2

What is normal hematocrit for men and women?

Answer 2

men 39-55, women 36-48

Question 3

What is normal hemoglobin for men and women?

Answer 3

men 13.9-16.3, women 12-15

Question 4

what is the normal count for Leukocytes per micro liter of blood?

Answer 4

4.8-10.8 x 10^3

Question 5

What is the normal level for sodium in plasma?

Answer 5

135-145 mEq/L

Question 6

What is the normal level for Potassium in plasma?

Answer 6

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 7

What is the normal level for hydrogen (pH) in plasma?

Answer 7

7.35-7.45

Question 8

What is the normal level for chloride in plasma?

Answer 8

98-107 mEq/L

Question 9

What is the normal level for cholesterol in blood?

Answer 9

120-180 mg/dL

Question 10

What is the normal level for glucose in blood?

Answer 10

70-110 mg/dL

Question 11

What is the normal level for creatinine in blood?

Answer 11

0.7-1.4 mg/dL

Question 12

what is serum?

Answer 12

plasma minus clotting factors

Question 13

What are the generally normal pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation?

Answer 13

RA mean is < 10 mean < 80

Question 14

what is oxygen saturation % and volume % in heart and pulmonary circulation?

Answer 14

75% 15 in RA, RV and Pulm Artery, 97% or 19.3 in lungs, 95% or 19 in LA, LV and Aorta

Question 15

Where is the biggest drop in blood pressure and why?

Answer 15

arterioles to capillaries, most of the resistance in the CV system

Question 16

Where is the cross sectional area the greates in the CV system?

Answer 16

venules highest then capillaries then arterioles

Question 17

Where is blood flow the lowest and why?

Answer 17

arterioles, capillaries, venules and small veins, because pressure is lower and cross sectional area is increased, want this so exchange of nutrients and waste can be very thorough

Question 18

How does blood flow and cardiac output change between rest and exercise?

Answer 18

CO from 5.5 L/min to 25 L/min; heart stays same 4-5%, Kidneys from 20% to 2-4%

Question 19

What is normal blood volume?

Answer 19

7-8% of body weight; body weight x 0.08= weight of blood; 1 kg=1L

Question 20

How is ohms law adapted to apply to the pressures in CV system?

Answer 20

E=IR becomes P=QR where Q is flow of fluid instead of I electrical current, R is still resistance and P is the pressure

Question 21

How is Q defined?

Answer 21

flow, Q= V x A, V=velocity and A is the area

Question 22

What is poiseuilles law?

Answer 22

Q= pi (P1-P2)r^4
8x 1n
n= viscosity

Question 23

what is the difference in change of flow if resistance is in series? in parallel?

Answer 23

resistance in series will decrease flow, resistance in parallel will increase flow

Question 24

what are the two kinds of flow? Which is damaging?

Answer 24

laminar and turbulent; turbulent is damaging to endothelium and leads to atherosclerosis

Question 25

What can increase turbulent flow?

Answer 25

as velocity and diameter increase and viscosity decreases, also common at branch points and in tortuous vessels

Question 26

what is Reynolds number?

Answer 26

Nr or Re = Dv/n; predictive of development of turbulence; when number is greater than 2000 there is increased propensity of for turbulence

Question 27

What is the difference between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids? Which is blood?

Answer 27

Newtonian have set bp, mp, fp, viscosity; blood is a non Newtonian fluid and has no set viscosity

Question 28

What is the fahraeus lindquist effect?

Answer 28

plasma streaming- as tube diameter decreases below 0.2mm, there is decreasing viscosity (apparent) which can be accounted for by plasma streaming

Question 29

Why is plasma streaming important?

Answer 29

decreases resistance allowing pressure in arterioles and capillaries to remain low; which keeps systemic pressures lower; decrease in TPR

Question 30

What organization is seen in the blood in the lumen of small capillaries with plasma streaming?

Answer 30

CFL or cell free layer next to endothelium