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Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nervous system can be divided into…?

A

somatic and autonomic

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2
Q

sensory (afferent) carry information….. the CNS

A

towards

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3
Q

motor (efferent) carry information….. …..the CNS

A

away from

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4
Q

name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

A
  • olfactory
  • optic
  • oculomotor
  • trochlear
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial
  • vestibulocochlear
  • glossopharyngeal
  • hypoglossal
  • vagus
  • accessory
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5
Q

are the cranial nerves part of the peripheral nervous system? Why or why not?

A

yes, because they are outside the brain

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6
Q

what is a plexus derived from?

A

lots of nerve fibres derived from spinal cord segments

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7
Q

if you damage a single spinal nerve segment, what will happen?

A

more than one muscle that is innervated by that nerve will be damaged

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8
Q

spinal nerves have a ……, peripheral nerves have a……

A

spinal nerves have a letter and number

peripheral nerves have a name

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9
Q

what are the cauda equina?

A

nerves around intevertebral foramina, come from a spinal cord segment, need to travel further to get to their exit point?

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10
Q

where do somatic nerves bring information from/to?

A

afferent - from the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints

efferent - convey information to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin supplied by single spinal nerve

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12
Q

myotome

A

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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13
Q

visceral afferent nerves carry information from the……

A

viscera (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs)

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14
Q

visceral efferent nerves can be divided into…..

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

sympathetic efferent nerves innervate what?

A

viscera and periphery (vasculature and sweat glands)

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16
Q

parasympathetic efferent nerves innervate what?

A

viscera only (organs)

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17
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS?

A

ganglion

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18
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS?

A

nucleus

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19
Q

what is a network of interconnecting nerves?

A

plexus

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20
Q

all afferent fibres (somatic and visceral) have their cell body where?

A

spinal ganglia

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21
Q

visceral efferent nerves synapse in a ……….. ganglion

A

peripheral (close to target organs, or in sympathetic trunks, or pre-aortic plexuses)

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22
Q

what are peripheral nerves arranged into?

A

fascisculi (bundles)

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23
Q

what is the name of the external vascular layer?

A

epineurium

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24
Q

what are the individual fascicles covered in?

A

perineurium

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25
what are the individual axons covered in, outside the myelin sheath?
endoneurium
26
how do we classify the peripheral nerves?
2 classification systems: one based on conduction velocity A, B and C (A is the fastest) one based on axon diammeter (sensory only) uses roman numerals I-IV (I the largest diammeter
27
is myelination consistent across all nerves?
no, you can have no myelin - thickly myelinated axons
28
external sensory receptors are called
exteroreceptors
29
what do exteroreceptors detect?
pain temperature touch pressure
30
internal sensory receptors are called....
proprioreceptors and enteroreceptors
31
proprioceptors detect
movement and joint position
32
enteroceptors detect
movement through gut and blood pH
33
chemoreceptors detect
chemicals
34
photoreceptors detect
light
35
thermoreceptors detect
temperature
36
mechanoreceptors detect
pressure
37
nociceptors detect
damage to tissue if the pathway got to your brain you would feel pain although you would not feel it under anaesthetic for example even though they are active
38
what do propioceptors do?
tell us about the status of our joints within the body
39
alpha motor neuron is the upper or lower motor neuron? Is ......polar? Has its cell bodies where?
lower motor neuron multipolar ventral horn
40
where are upper and lower motor neurons located? (Where do they each send their signals?)
Upper motor neurons are located in your brain and spinal cord. (They send signals to lower motor neurons.) Lower motor neurons are in your brain stem and spinal cord. (When they get a signal from the upper motor neurons, they send another signal to your muscles to make them contract)
41
neuromuscular junction
specialised synapse between motor neuron and muscle fibre
42
which neurons are involved with the stretching of muscle?
sensory neurons
43
what do muscle spindles do?
detect changes in muscle length
44
golgi tendon organs
detect changes in TENSION in the tendons
45
joint receptors
found in joint capsules and detect the start and end of movement
46
motor unit
single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres it innervates smallest functional unit with which to produce force
47
48
how many motor neurons do humans have approximately?
420,000
49
how many skeletal muscle fibres do humans have approximately?
250 million
50
how many muscle fibres does a motor neuron supply on average?
600
51
stimulation of one motor unit causes...
contraction of all the muscle fibres in that unit
52
what happens if you cut back a nerve when it grows back?
it will innervate other muscles that are being innervated by other nerves, offsetting the balance
53
54
what is a reflex action?
an involuntary coordinated pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli
55
what is the periphery of the body?
the periphery of the body is the part that is away from the central or core regions
56
what are the exceptions to the noradrenaline neurotransmitter being released by post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
sweat glands and blood vessels
57
visceral sensory brings information back from core which spinal and cranial nerves are involved?
T1-S2 S2-S4 cranial nerves IX and X (9 and 10)
58
visceral motor carries outflow of information to core and body wall, what does it control?
pupils sweat glands salivary glands heart muscle airways
59
visceral motor involves outflow from which nerves?
thoracolumbar (T1-L2) craniosacral (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X [3, 7, 9 and 10])
60
the highest level of outflow from the spinal cord is at which spinal segment?
T1
61
How do the nerve fibres from T1 get to the skull
'hitching a ride' on arteries
62
pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system are where (in general) ?
spinal cord
63
what are the sympathetic trunks?
Where pre-ganglionic neurons go into after coming out of the spinal cord. They are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. The sympathetic trunk lies just lateral to the vertebral bodies for the entire length of the vertebral column.
64
why do sympathetic trunks have enlargements?
they have post-ganglionic neurons in them
65
How do sympathetic trunks appear in cadaveric specimens? Where is their location?
Thin white nerves with enlargements Inside chest, outside spinal cord
66
where are the cell bodies for pre-ganglionic sympathetic outflow between T1 and L2? Where do they send their pre-ganglionic axons out to?
in the spinal cord, in an extra bit of grey matter called an intermediate horn halfway between posterior horn and anterior horn mixed spinal nerve and then through either the white ramus communicans to a ganglion where it synapses with the post-ganglionic efferent neuron
67
gray ramus communicans contains ............. nerves white ramus communicans contains ............. nerves
gray (contain unmyelinated nerves) ramus communicans or white ( contains myelinated nerves ) ramus communicans
68
where do the post-ganglionic neurons coming from T1-L2 go to after synapsing in the ganglion if they are carrying information to the skin?
either towards head and upper limbs or towards lower limbs or straight out via gray ramus communicans to the part of the body between the upper and lower limbs
69
where do the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons coming from T1-T4 go to after synapsing in the ganglion if they are carrying information to the heart?
Straight out to the heart, or up and out to the heart via the next superior ganglion in the sympathetic trunk Reaches heart via cardiac plexus
70
where do the pre-ganglionic neurons coming from T3/5-L2 go to if they are carrying information to the viscera (not the heart) ?
through mixed efferent nerve bundle, white ramus communicans and ganglia without synapsing, goes straight through and continues out... synapsing in the pre-aortic ganglia with the post-ganglionic neuron
71
how does the aorta divide in the pelvis?
into 2, going off to pelvic organs
72
which cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic outflow?
III, VII, IX, X
73
what is the transition of innervation of the abdominal viscera?
from supply by cranial nerve X and pelvis splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
74
sacral parasympathetic outflow is via which nerves?
pelvic splanchnic nerves
75
cranial nerve III innervates which gland?
lacrimal gland
76
cranial nerve VII innervates which parasympathetic systems?
pupillary constriction salivary glands
77
cranial nerve IX innervates which gland?
parotid gland
78
cranial nerve X innervates which parasympathetic systems?
heart abdominal viscera
79
how many neurons in motor pathway? where are their cell bodies?
It is composed of two neurons, the upper motor neuron and the lower motor neuron. The upper motor neuron has its cell body in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and synapses on the lower motor neuron, which is in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and projects to the skeletal muscle in the periphery [https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/14-5-sensory-and-motor-pathways/](https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/14-5-sensory-and-motor-pathways/)
80
what information do visceral sensory neurons bring back from the core? Which spinal nerves? what do visceral motor neurons control?
sensory brings back information about pain, fullness, blood pressure T1-L2, S2-S4, cranial nerves 9 and 10 controls pupils, sweat glands, salivary glands, heart muscle, airways outflow from thoracolumbar T1-L2 and craniosacral outflow (3, 7, 9 and 10)
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BRS (19 decks)

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