Personal rule- religion

Question 1

Beauty of Holiness

Answer 1

• Charles and Laud’s direction for CoE
• Altar policy
• Reformation of Churches made England stand out- popular
• St Paul’s Cathedral- transformed after years of decay

Question 2

Arminianism

Answer 2

• Charles broke Jacobethan balance
• Arminianism was the closest Anglican religion to Catholicism
• Charles’ aesthetic taste linked with Catholicism causing disquiet

Question 3

Catholicism

Answer 3

• Henrietta Maria brought Catholic entourage, had Catholic chapel built for her (Queen’s Chapel initially intended for Spanish Infanta 1623)
• Grew in popularity at court; English Catholics increased by 50% 1603-1640
• George Con- Catholic priest brought to make converts 1636, illegal in Elizabethan times
• CONCESSIONS: 1637, Charles issued laws making Catholic conversions harder to achieve

Question 4

Puritanism

Answer 4

• Some hated Laud’s reforms so much they emigrated
• 1630 Providence Island Company established by several Puritan aristocrats including Pym and Warwick

Question 5

Policy of Uniformity

Answer 5

• Altar policy of 1630s, communion table moved to east and railed off
• Resentment came from Laud’s attempt at uniformity, not the policy itself (not an entirely new concept)
• Visitations 1634-1637, Laud conducted these to ensure enforcement
• Push for uniformity led to harsh punishments

Question 6

Court of Star Chamber

Answer 6

• 1633: abolished Foeffes for Impropriations (Puritan citizens and merchants that bought clerical positions)
• 1637 Prynne, Burton, Baswick; questioned validity of episcopacy, criticised Catholic policies brought by bishops into CoE; ears cut off, heavy fines, life imprisonment- corporal punishment to gentlemen by birth highly controversial

Question 7

Ireland

Answer 7

• Governed by Wentworth for most of the 1630s (one of 5 knights)
• 29 Articles of Religion enforced on Irish Church
• Refused to enshrine concessions like relaxation of recusancy fines
• Alienated both New English (Ulster Protestants) and Old English/ Gaelic Irish (Catholic)
• Tolerated Catholic worship- Protestants of Ulster enraged and demanded tougher laws
• Irish Catholic rebellion 1641

Question 8

Scotland

Answer 8

• 1637 Prayer Book led to riots in Edinburgh
• Charles withdrew the book in the same year, and promised to pardon protestors 1638
• National Covenant established to maintain religion and liberties of Scotland- abolishing episcopacy 1638
• Led to Bishop’s war

Question 9

First Bishops’ War 1639

Answer 9

• Due to Scotland abolishing episcopacy 1638
• First time English monarch waged war without parliamentary grant since 1323
• Charles’ demand for authority did not befit the new society formed, inability to conform led to downfall
• Kelso, English commander, mistakenly thought Scots had advantage and withdrew
• Pacification of Berwick 1639
  > left key issues unresolved
  > Both sides promised to disband troops, but both were distrustful and did not do so

Question 10

Short Parliament

Answer 10

• Wentworth’s advice
• 3 weeks; 1640
• Asked for 12 subsidies, Commons immediately debated grievances with Pym as key opponent; stressed that grievances were against counsellors
• Dissolved

Question 11

Second Bishops’ War

Answer 11

• Heavily influenced by Wentworth, assured him he had an army in Ireland and was absolved from government’s rules
• difficulty in raising army: large numbers from previous conflict disbanded, barely managed to gather army when Scots had invaded British soil- poor logistics meant many soldiers were without weapons
• Newburn August 1640- English catastrophically defeated, Scots occupy Newcastle

Question 12

Battle of Newburn

Answer 12

August 1640
- Scots defeat English
- Occupy Newcastle, threaten London’s coal supply

Question 13

Petition of 12 Peers

Answer 13

• August 1640, same day as Newburn defeat
• Demanded Parliament to be resummoned, threatening to do so on their own
• Historian Adams argues this was a manifesto rather than a petition
• Great Council of Peers called by Charles, consensus was to summon Parliament

Question 14

Treaty of Ripon

Answer 14

October 1640
- Formally ended fighting
- Charles to pay £850 a day (believed that this was a plot by English Parliament to force Charles to recall Parliament, many puritan peers were in treasonable correspondence with Scots)