Personality Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Personality traits
A
Emotional, cognitive, and behavioural tendencies
2
Q
Personality mechanisms
A
Input, decision rules, output
3
Q
Personality Influenced interactions
A
Perception, selection, evocation and manipulation
4
Q
Personality
A
The enduring pattern of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances
5
Q
The organisation of enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour
A
Structure of personality
6
Q
Personality psychologist had two aims- to describe 1) and study 2)
A
1) structure of personality
2) individual differences
7
Q
5 Basic elements of personality
A
Motives, thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviour
8
Q
Whos personality theory? A trait is a group of correlated habits
A
Eysenck theory
9
Q
According to Eysnecks theory- Extroversion/introversion is a ______ trait
A
Type or Super trait
10
Q
Trait referring to a tendency to be sociable, active and willing to take risks.
A
Extroversion
11
Q
Trait characterised by social inhibition, seriousness and caution
A
Introversion
12
Q
_______ defines a continuum from emotional stability to instability
A
Neuroticism
13
Q
Trait where people report feeling anxious, guilty, tense and moody and low self esteem
A
High neuroticism
14
Q
Eysencks -Psychological trait where people are aggressive, egocentric, impulsive and antisocial
A
Psychotically
15
Q
(Eysenck)People are empathetic and able to control their impulses
A
Low psychoticisim
16
Q
Raymond Cattel reduced the trait list to ___
A
16 traits correlated from Allports and Odberts lists
17
Q
Eysenck identified differences in cortical arousal regulated by_____ (re- intro and extroversion)
A
ARAS Ascending reticular activating system
18
Q
Introverts are more ______ than extroverts thus referring lower levels of stimulation
A
More alert or Cortically aroused
19
Q
Jeffrey Gray proposed that brain structure had evolved in result of reinforcement or punishment
A
Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST)
20
Q
Structure that is attuned to rewards, leading people to seek out stimulation or arousal
A
BAS- behavioural approach system
21
Q
Structure that is attuned to punishment and leads people to avoid potential dangerous or painful experiences
A
BIS behavioural inhibition theory
22
Q
Extroverts have a stronger ______ thus influenced by potential reward while introverts have a higher ______ influenced by possible failure or harm
A
extrovert have higher BAS
Intorverts have higher BIS
23
Q
Taxonomy of traits boiled down to five superordinate personality traits
A
Five factor model (FFM)
24
Q
Freud’s theory based on two instincts
A
Self preservation and Sexual Instincts
25
Drive Model (0-18months)
Oral: exploring the world through mouth
26
Drive model (2-3 years)
Anal- conflicts regarding compliance and defiance + toliet training
27
Drive model (4-6years)
Phallic- pleasure from touching genitals- Oedipus complex
28
Drive model (7-11years)
Latency- sexual impulses repressed
29
Drive model 12+
Genital (Genital sex)
30
Drive model is known as
Psychosexual stages of development
31
Freud's structural model
Interplay between conscious, pre- conscious and unconscious
32
3 parts to the structural model
Ego- conscious
Superego- preconscious
Id- unconscious and swxual aggressive energy
33
Structural model- conscious, balances desire, reality & morality, cognition and problem solving
Ego
34
Structural model- preconscious, morality, source of ideals
Super ego
35
Structural model- preconscious, morality, source of ideals
Super ego
36
Structural model- unconscious, sexual and aggressive energy, instinctive, pleasure principal
Id
37
An unpleasant state that signals that things are not right and something must be done
Anxiety
38
Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships (and the motivation, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns)
Object relation theory
39
Conflicting feeling or motives
Ambivalence
40
Research shows that interaction of ambivalence and conflict towards goals predicts
Depression
41
Solutions people develop tp maximise fulfilment of conflicting motives simultaneously
Compromise formations
42
A tension or battle between opposing forces
Conflict
43
Pleasure seeking, sensuality, love and desires for sexual intercourse
Libido
44
Difficulty during any stage of psychosexual development can lead to_____
Fixations, conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the development period in which they arise
45
Freud's hypothesis that little boys want anexclusiv relationship with their mothers and girls with their fathers
Oedipus complex
46
Girls renouncing their secret wishes to their father and identify with their mother
Boys fear rivalry with father so repress their sexual desires toward their mother
Electra complex and castration complex
47
During phallic stage girls develop ____ the belief that because they lack a penis theire inferior to boys
Penis envy
48
The counterbalance to the untamed passions of the id
The superego as a parental voice
49
The ego is capable of ______ which is rational, logical and goal directed
Secondary process thinking
50
The ego obeys ______ recognising that the immediate desire for pleaser needs to offset against the reality of consequences
Reality principal
51
People regulate their emotions and deal with their conflicts by employing :
Defence mechanisms
52
Unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting the person from unpleasant emotions or bolstering pleasurable emotions
Defence mechanisms
53
Defence mechanism where a person keeps thoughts or memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness
Repression
54
Defence mechanism where a person keeps thoughts or memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness
Repression
55
Defence mechanism where a person refuses to acknowledge external realities or emotions
Denial
56
A defence mechanism where a person attributes their own unacknowledged feelings/impulses onto others
Projection
57
Defence mechanism where a person fails to acknowledge unacceptable impulses and overemphasised their opposites
Reaction formation
58
Defence mechanism where a person converted sexual or aggressive impulses into socially acceptable activities
Sublimination
59
Defence mechanism where a person explains away actions in a logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings (guilt/shame)
Rationalisation
60
Defence mechanism where a person directs their emotion away from the real target to a substitute
Displacement
61
Defence mechanism where a person reverts back to an earlier stage of psychological development
Regression
62
Defence mechanism where a person displays indirect expression of anger towards others
Passive aggression
63
Defence mechanism- Taking feelings out on others
Displacement
64
Defence mechanism- denying that something exists
Denial
65
Defence mechanism- unconsciously keeping unpleasant info from your conscious mind
Repression
66
Consciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind
Suppression
67
Defence mechanism- converting unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets
Sublimation
68
Defence mechanism- assigning your own unacceptable feelings or qualities to others
Projection
69
Justifying an acceptable feeling/behaviour with logic
Rationalisation
70
Reverting to earlier behaviour
Regression
71
Replacing an unwanted impulse with it opposite
Reaction formation
72
Key figure in psychology and founder of analytical psychology
Carl Jung
73
_________ aimed to focus on the relationship between the unconscious and the conscious, incorporating everyday life events
Jugian psychotherapy
74
Jungian thoery: ego
The conscious mind: thoughts, memories and emotions
75
Point of view of the Self
Where individuals aim to discover they are unique: individuation
76
Jungian psychology: universal, archaic patterns and images that reside within the unconscious
Archetype
77
A form of unconscious comprising of memories and impulses that one is not aware of (common to humans)
Collective unconscious
78
Jungian: a repressed unconscious, develops during childhood
Personal unconscious
79
Shadow, anima and animus
Jungian archetype
80
Jungian four essential psychological functions
Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition
81
Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and the motivational, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns
Object relations
82
Theory about people's relationships with others
Object relations
83
Humans are born seeking relationships and set out to fulfil this need
Object relations
84
The need for relatedness is central in humans and people will distort their personality to maintain ties to important people in their lives
Relational theories
85
_________ focus on interpersonal disturbances and the mental process that underlie the capacities for relatedness to others
Object relations
86
_______ argue that for all individual adaptation is primarily adaptation to other people
Relational theory
87
The bread and butter of psychodynamic investigation
Life history methods
88
Methods that aim to understand the whole person in context of life experience and environment
Life history
89
Examples of source of life history methods (qualitative)
Psychotherapy, historical or biographical sources or research interviews
90
Test where ambiguous stimulus is given a meaning
Projective tests
91
Eg. Protective test
Rorschach inkblot tests
92
People provide definition to ambiguous symbols revealing aspects of their personality
Projective tests
93
Projective tests where participants are asked to make up a story about ambiguous drawings
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
94
Human functioning is the direct result of cultural norms, beliefs and values as well genetic influences
Cultural neuroscience
95
Humanistic theory of personality
Carl Rogers person centred approach
96
The way people conceive reality and experience themselves in their world
Phenomenal experience
97
According to humanistic perspective what is a fundamental tool for personality
Empathy- the capacity to understand another person's experience cognitively and emotionally
98
Humanistic perspective- a core aspect of being, untainted by the demands of those around
True self
99
Humanistic perspective- a mask people wear and mistake to be their true psychological face
False self
100
Humanistic perspective- children learn that to be loved they must meet certain standards
Conditions of worth
101
Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself
Self concept
102
A person's view of what they should be like
Ideal self
103
A desire to fulfil the full range of needs: basic need for food and drink to the need to be open to experience and express one true self
Actualising tendencies
104
People have no fixed nature and must essentially create themselves
Existentialism
105
Human dread_____ , the recognition that life has no absolute value or meaning and that we all face death
Existential dread
106
Cognitive social theories are developed from which 2 roots
Behaviourist and cognitive perspectives
107
Theory that learning, beliefs expectations and information processing to be central to personality
Cognitive social theories
108
According to cognitive social theories what must happen for a behaviour to occur
Encode the current situation, endow with personal meaning/value, believe that behaviour will produce outcome ability, regulation
109
Capacity to understand another person's cognitive and emotional experience
Empathy
110
Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself that is consistent
Self concept
111
Core aspect or being that is not impacted by external demands
True self
112
An aspect of self which emerges to gain positive regard from others
False self
113
View of what a person should be like
Ideal self
114
Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person does
Positive regard
115
Desire to fulfil a range of needs that humans experience
Actualisaing tendency
116
Psychologist use the term personality to refer to an individuals
a) personality structure and typical pattern of behaviour
b) enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
c) thoughts and behaviours
d) identity and behaviours
B) enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
117
Which theories describe enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and to the motivational, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns
a) object relations
b) social intelligence
c) relational theories
d) life history
A) object relations
118
Freud proposed two basic drives motivating human behaviour
a) sex and aggression
b) aggression and violence
c) sex and survival
d) aggression and destructiveness
A) sex and aggression
119
_____ refers to setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviour to achieve these goals in the context of ongoing feedback
a) goal establishment
b) outcome management
c) potential realisation
d) self regulation
D) self regulation
120
Analytical psychology, also known as Jungian psychology, involves
a) relationships between the unconscious, conscious and everyday life experiences
b) relationships between everyday life and dreams
c) relationships between cognitive, affective and motivational processes
d) relationships between what people want , think and feel
A) relationships between the unconscious, conscious and everyday life experiences
121
The limitations of cognitive-social approaches to personality are:
a) a tendency to emphasise the rational side of life
b) a tendency to underestimate the emotional, motivational and irrational
c) a tendency to assume people consciously know what they think feel and want
d) all options listed
D) all options listed
122
Cognitive social theories assert that personality is derived from how an individual processes information about the world and themselves, including the interplay of _____ factors
a) behavioural
b) cognitive
c) affective
d) environmental
D) environmental
123
According to more recent research, extroverts are thought to have stronger:
a) BAS than BIS
b) BIS than BAS
c) BAS than ARAS
d) BIS than ARAS
A) BAS than BIS
124
According to _______ philosophers, the individual is alone throughout life. The individual must confront what it means to be human and which values that person wishes to embrace
a) humanistic
b) existentialist
c) individualist
d) cognitive
B) existentialist
125
In Carl Rogers view, psychology should try to understand:
a) the way people conceive of reality and experience themselves and their world
b) how beliefs, rituals and institutions shape individuals
c) that life has no absolute value or meaning and that ultimately we all face death
d) the ways in which unconscious conflicts underlie an individuals behaviour
A) the way people conceive of reality and experience themselves and their world
126
The culture pattern approach argues that:
a) individual psychology reflects cultural practices
b) culture shapes individual psychology
c) culture and the individuals shape each other
d) cultural invariants exist and thus eprosnalities in seemingly different cultures will be similar
A) individual psychology reflects cultural practices
127
The interactionist approach best fits which of the following:
a) culture shapes the individual
b) the individual shapes the culture
c) personality, economics and culture influence one another
d) genes and the environment interact to produce a person's personality that is unique to the interaction
C) personality, economics and culture influence one another
