Week 1- Development Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Gestation period
A
The prenatal period, before birth
2
Q
Stage 1 prenatal: Germinal period
A
0-2 weeks- Fertilised egg implants in the uterus
3
Q
Stage 2 prenatal: embryonic period
A
Week 3-8 development of CNS and organs, and heart beating
4
Q
Stage 3 prenatal: fetal period
A
Week 9- birth: muscular development
5
Q
Environmental agents that harm the embryo/fetus
A
Teratogens
6
Q
Examples of teratogens
A
Alcohol, drugs, radiation, viruses, smoking and maternal stress
7
Q
The _______ effects appear to be highest during early weeks of pregnancy….
A
Teratogenic
8
Q
Relfex: Infant turns their head and open their mouth, ready to suck
A
Rooting reflex
9
Q
Reflex: infant suck rhythmically in response to stimulus 3-4cm inside their mouth
A
Sucking reflex
10
Q
Motor skills progress—–
A
Head to toe
11
Q
A disease in which immature brainstem fails to ‘jumpstart’
A
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
12
Q
Female- onset of menstration
Male- sperm production
A
Puberty
13
Q
Early pubertal development in _____ tends to be associated with positive outcomes, but negative outcomes for ________
A
Males, females
14
Q
Genetically programmed maturation
A
Nature
15
Q
Learning and experience in maturation
A
Nuture
16
Q
Biologically based change that follows an orderly sequence
A
Maturation
17
Q
Genes influence the environments people choose or experiences to which they’re exposed
A
Gene-environment correlations
18
Q
The absence of normal input
A
Deprivation
19
Q
Periods central to specific types of learning that modify future developmenta
A
Critical periods
20
Q
Periods that are particularly important but not definitive for subsequent development
A
Sensitive periods
21
Q
The ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses
A
Inter-modal understanding
22
Q
Infants matching own actions to behaviours they have observed
A
Inter-modal processing
23
Q
A phenomenon where people lack explicit memory for events before age 3 or 4
A
Infantile amnesia
24
Q
The ability to retrieve memories despite changes in the cues that were present at encoding
A
Representational flexibility
25
Memories that can be consciously recalled
Explicit memories
26
Memory expressed in behaviour that may not be represented consciously
Implicit memory
27
____ memory involves information held briefly in consciousness
Working memory
28
What memory is the slowest developing memory system in development
Working memory
29
Cognitive adoption by interpreting actions or events in terms of one person's schema
Assimilation
30
An organised, exercised pattern of thought or behaviour
Schema
31
Cognitive adaptive process of modification of schemas to fit reality
Accommodation
32
The driving forced behind cognitive developmet- balancing to adapt to the world
Equilibration
33
Stage where infants think with their hands, mouths and senses (0-2)
Sensorimotor stage
34
Infants learn about the world by mouthing, grasping, watching and manipulating objects
Sensorimotor stage
35
A major achievement of the sensorimotor stage
Object permanence
36
Recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of the child's action
Object permanence
37
Cognitive stage which is characterised by the emergency of symbolic thought
Preoperational stage
38
Stage where children can play with the world in their minds and no longer have to think exclusively with their hands or mouths
Preoperational stage
39
The tendency to focus, centre on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other relevant information
Centration
40
Stage where a child cannot coordinate different physical attributes of an object or different perspectives
Preoperational stage
41
Stage where child is able to perform reversible mental operations
Concrete operational
42
Stage where child develops conservation and apply logic to concrete situations
Concrete operational
43
2 stages where children are egocentric
Sensorimotor and preoperational
44
Cognitive development stage where adolescent can apply logic more abstractly and hypothetical thinking develops
Formal operational 12+
45
This question is an example of what? -If Henry is taller than Jack and Jack is taller then Claude, which boy is the shortest?
Transitivity
46
In what stage do children understand transitivity?
Concrete operational
47
A hallmark mark of what stage is the ability to frame hypotheses and figure how to test them systematically?
Formal operational stage
48
Parenting style where parents place a high value on obedience and respect for authority.
Authoritarian
49
Parenting style where do not encourage discussion of why particular behaviours are important nor listen to child's viewpoint
Authoritarian
50
Parenting which imposes a set ofnstandard to which they expect their children to adhere and are more likely to punish their children frequently and physically
Authoritarian
51
Parenting style which imposes no controls on their children allowing them to make their own decisions whenever possible
Permissive
52
Parenting style which tend to accept their children's impulsive behaviours, including angry and aggressive ones, and rarely dole out punishment
Permissive
53
Parenting style which sets standards for their children's and firmly.encourage them
Authoritative
54
Parenting style which encourage give-and- take and explain their views while showing respect to their children's viewpoint
Authoritative
55
Parenting style which consistently place their own needs above the needs of their child
Uninvolved
56
Parenting style leading to self-controlled, independent, curious and sociable children
Authoritative
57
Parenting style that leads to children with low independence, vulnerability to stress, low self esteem
Authoritarian
58
A senses that one has little control over what happens in life
External locus of control
59
Parenting style that leads to children with low self reliance, low impulse control and trouble with substance abuse
Permissive
60
Parenting style that leads to children with lownself esteem and aggressive behaviour
Uninvolved
61
Recommended approach to parenting- helping children manage emotions, cooperate with others and think about the effects of their behaviour on pthers
Guidance approach
62
The process by which children learn rules, beliefs, values, skills and attitutudes
Socialisation
63
The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences regarding sex that culture considers appropriate
Sex typing
64
Harry & Margaret Barlow's experiment
Monkey, wire mother and cloth mother attachment
65
Bowlby Attachment: variety of signals helps bring and keep close proximity to adult. Attachment not yet formed
Preattachment
66
Bowlby Attachment: responds differently to strangers, expectations that caregiver will respond
Attachment in the making (6wks-8mnth)
67
Bowlby Attachment: separation anxiety. Understand caregiver continues to exist. Act to maintain caregiver presence
Clear cut attachment (18-24mnths)
68
Bowlby Attachment: understand reasons for parents coming and going. Negotiate
Formation of reciprocal relationship
69
Ainsworth attachment-
Using parent as secure base. Distress in absence but settles quickly on return. Playful, exploration orientated, sociable
Secure attachment (60%)
70
Ainsworth attachment: unresponsive to parent, avoid or slow to greet on reunion, maintains close proximity but avoids close contact
Avoidant attachment (15%)
71
Ainsworth attachment: seeks closeness (clingy), fails to explore, angry, resistive on return. Difficult to comfort
Resistant attachment (10%)
72
Ainsworth attachment: greatest insecurity, confused behaviour regard approach vs avoidance. Eg. Looks away when held, cry after being calmed, dazed facial expression
Disorgansied/disorientated attachment (15%)
73
Three main types of research design used by developmental psychologists
Cross sectional, longitudinal and sequential
74
Studies that compare groups of participants pfndifferent ages at a single to see whether differences exist among them
Cross sectional
75
Major limitation of cross sectional
It does not directly assess age changes, thus vulnerable to confounding variables
76
Studies that assess the same individuals over time, providing the opportunity to assess age changes rather than differences
Longitudinal studies
77
Major limitations to longitudinal studies
Vulnerable to cohort effects.
78
Studies that study multiple cohorts longitudinally
Sequential studies
79
Limitation of sequential studies
They take years or decades to complete
80
The tendency for children to focus on one feature of an object without considering other features
a) preoperational stage
b) assimilation
c) accommodation
d) centration
D. Centration
81
Which of the following are an example of a reflex?
a) sucking
b) crying
c) grasping
d) all of the above
D) all of the above
82
Jessica is researching developmental changes over time and interviews a group of participants aged between 20-30, another group aged 50-60 and another group aged between 80-90. Jessica is using...
a) a longitudinal research design
b) Cross sectional research design
c) multi-factorials research design
d) a sequential design
B) Cross sectional design
83
The typical sequence of physical milestones in childhood are:
a) crawling, sits alone, lifts chin, stands with support
b) lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
c) stands with support, crawling, lifts chin, sits alone
d) lifts chin, crawling, sits alone, stands with support
B) lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
84
If a child asks their parent why they are not allowed to play outside and their parent responds with "because I said so", their parenting style is most likely
a) authoritarian
b) permissive
c) authoritative
d) neglectful/uninvolved
A) authoritarian
85
An environmental factor or substances that can harm a foetus is called a
a) embryonic period
b) foetal alcohol syndrome
c) teratogen
d) genetic substance
C) teratogen
86
Tate's mother leaves Tate in a room and when she returns Tate ignores her. According to Bowlbys theory, Tate is likely to be at which stage of attachment?
a) secure
b) avoidant
c) ambivalent
d) disorganised
B) avoidant
87
According to Piaget a schema is
a) a stage of childhood development
b) an organised pattern of thought
c) when children can perceive abstract ideas
d) when children think with their hands and mouth
B) an organised pattern of thought
88
Sequential design minimises________ by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally
a) cohort effects
b) experimenter bias
c) statistical significance
d) influence of nature
A) cohort effects
89
According to Piaget, children who are able to manipulate abstract ideas as well as concrete ideas are in which cognitive stage?
a) sensorimotor stage
b) preoperational stage
c) concrete operational stage
d) formal operational stage
D) formal operational stage
90
Times that are more important to subsequent human development than others, although not the absolute gatekeepers of psychological growth are referred to as:
a. Developmental stages
b. Critical periods
c. Growth spurts
d. Sensitive periods
D. Sensitive periods
91
Research suggests that development during childhood appears to be _____. In adulthood, individuals appear to develop _____.
a. Stage like; in alternative directions
b. Continuous; unpredictably
c. Flexible; inflexibly
d. Discontinous; continuously
A. Stage like; in alternative directions
92
Which type of study compares groups of subjects of different ages at a single time, to see whether differences exist among them?
a. Cross- sectional
b. Cross-cultural
c. Longitudinal
d. Sequential
A. Cross sectional
93
A team of researchers is interested in studying the development of TV watching and aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. They select a group of three year olds, four year olds and five year olds, and examine both their TV watching and level of aggressiveness after one year, two years and three years of time
This study is best described as a:
a. Sequential study
b. Cross sectional study
c. Longitudinal study
d. Cohort study
A. Sequential study
94
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of prenatal development?
a. Fetal, embryonic, germinal
b. Embryonic, germinal, fetal
c. Germinal, fetal, embryonic
d. Germinal, embryonic, fetal
D. Germinal, embryonic, fetal
95
With regars to the difference between boys and girls, which is true?
a. Boys and Girls grow at the same rate until 10
b. The growth spurt starts later for boys
c. Puberty, on average, occurs earlier in girls
d. All of the options listed
D. All of the options listed
96
Piaget referred to the process of modifying schemas to fit reality as:
a. Adaptation
b. Accommodation
c. Assimilation
d. Equilibration
B. Accommodation
97
Vygotskys sociocultural theory of cognitive development emphasises the role of _______ in learning.
a. Cognitive strategies
b. Automatic processing
c. Social interaction
d. Independent thinking
C. Social interaction
98
Research suggest that attention, visual, spatial and perceptual skill can be increased from:
a. One on one tutoring
b. Participating in team sports
c. Experiential learning
d. Playing action- based video games
D. Playing action based video games
