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Personality Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Type theory

A

Original personality theory
Hippocrates
Based on physical appearance
Mostly given way to trait theories

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2
Q

Phrenology

A

Head/skull shape to discern personality

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3
Q

Franz Gall

A

Developed phrenology

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4
Q

William Sheldon

A

Devised a system based on somatotypes (body types)

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5
Q

Enomorph

A

Short, plump

Pleasure-seeking, social

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6
Q

Mesomorph

A

Athletic, muscular

Energetic, aggressive

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7
Q

Ectomorph

A

Skinny, fragile

Inhibited, intellectual

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8
Q

Adler

A

Personality typology

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9
Q

Trait theories

A

Relatively stable characteristics

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10
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Emphasized ideographic approach

Conscious motives-proprium

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11
Q

Ideographic approach

A

Attempts to capture an individual’s unique, defining characteristics

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12
Q

Nomothetic approach

A

Uses large numbers of people to study commonalities of personality

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13
Q

Proprium

A

Allport’s version of ego

He believes acted mostly consistently based on developed traits through experience

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14
Q

Lexical approach

A

Picking all possible traits out of dictionary, allport gathered about 5,000 traits this way

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15
Q

Trait hierarchy

A

Allport hypothesized this as reason for people acting differently in different situations
Cardinal trait at top, then secondary

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16
Q

States

A

Temporary feelings/characteristics not to be confused with traits

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17
Q

Taxonomies

A

Organized categorical systems for personality

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18
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Data reduction for Allport’s traits into 16 personality factors

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19
Q

Big Five

A

Superfactors, developed by modern theorists Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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20
Q

Dispositionists

A

Emphasized internal determinants of behavior, original theory

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21
Q

Situationists

A

Such as behaviorists, argued only circumstances determine behavior

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22
Q

Interactionists

A

Forefront now, combination of internal and circumstance

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23
Q

Seymour Epstein Walter Mischel

A

Problem with trait and type theories is they assume behavior is stable
Consistency paradox

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24
Q

Consistency paradox

Study These Flashcards
A

The possibility that a person may behave inconsistently, problematic for labeling people with one internal disposition

25
Mischel with Nancy Cantor
Proposed the cognitive prototype approach | Thought consistency of behavior is a result of cognitive processes than personality traits
26
Cognitive prototype approach
Cognitive behavior is examined in social situations
27
Kay Deaux
Found women's successes in male tasks were attributed to luck whereas males successes to skill Even for themselves, indicating women have lower self-esteem
28
Sandra Bem
Studied androgyny | Created Bem Sex Role Inventory
29
Androgynous individuals
Higher self-esteem, lower anxiety, and more adaptability
30
Matina Horner
Women feared success and negative repercussions, such as resentment and rejection
31
Alice Eagly
Interaction between gender and social status, how easily can be influenced
32
Maccoby and Jacklin
Scrutinized studies of sex differences, found few existed that couldn’t be explained from social learning
33
Consistent Gender differences
Females- verbal Males- visual/spatial Still hotly debated
34
Depression gender differences
Women are twice as likely to become depressed as men
35
Meyer Friedman | Ray Rosenman
Studied type A personality
36
Type A personality
Competitiveness, tension, hostility, drive, most common in middle and upper class men
37
Grant Dahlstrom
Linked type A personality to heart disease and other health issues
38
Authoritarianism
Disposition to view the world as full of power relationships Conventional, aggressive, stereotyping, anti-introspective Highly domineering if top dog Highly submissive if more powerful
39
Fascism Scale (F scale)
Measures authoritarianism personality traits
40
Hans Eysenck
Identify underlying traits of introversion/extraversion and neuroticism stable/unstable
41
Four quadrants of introversion/neuroticism
Phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric and Sanguine
42
Phlegmatic
Relaxed, peaceful
43
Melancholic
Analytical, quiet
44
Choleric
Short tempered, irritable
45
Sanguine
Optimistic, social
46
George Kelley
Personal Constructs, ideas about self, others, and situations, determine personality and behavior
47
Seymour Epstein
Critical of trait theory
48
External locus of control
Events as the result of luck or fate | Too much-> helplessness
49
Internal locus of of control
Events are outcomes of own actions | Too much= self blame
50
Julian Rotter
Developed internal/external locus of control
51
Implicit theories
Assumptions about dispositions based on actions
52
Dispositional attribution
Tendency to think actions are caused by personality over situation AKA fundamental attribution error
53
Barnum effect
Tendency to accept personality interpretations provided
54
Phenomenological view
Focuses on the individuals unique self and experiences
55
Self-awareness
State- temporary condition
56
Mirrors
Large mirrors ake people more self aware
57
Self- monitoring
Act appropriately rather than honestly
58
Self- consciousness
A trait, paying a lot of attention to yourself, self-aware
59
Self esteem
50 percent of people accurate, 35 narcissistically

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