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Social Psychology Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Role theory

A

People are aware of social roles they are expected to fill

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2
Q

Social facilitation

A

Studied by Triplett with the cyclists experiments

Studied by Zajonc in dominant traits

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3
Q

Social Comparison

A

Evaluating own actions by comparing to others

Argument against mainstreaming children with difficulties

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4
Q

Father of Social Psych

A

Kurt Lewin

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5
Q

Lewin’s Field theory

A

Total influences on individual behavior

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6
Q

Life space

A

Collection of forces upon an individual

Forces: Valence, vector, barrier

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7
Q

Actor-observer attributional divergence

A

Tendency for the person doing the behavior to have a different perspective than person watching

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8
Q

Self-serving attributional bias

A

Interpreting one’s own actions in positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for success

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9
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship

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10
Q

Slippery slope

A

Logical fallacy that says small step in a direction will lead to greater steps and significant impact

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11
Q

False Consensus Bias

A

Assuming other people think as you do

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12
Q

Attitudes

A

Opinion statements

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13
Q

Consistency theories

A

People prefer consistency

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14
Q

Fritz Heider’s Balance theory

A

Consistency theory
Three elements: person, other, and another object/idea/person
Balance is when people like each other and both like/dislike third
Or if person doesn’t like other and they disagree on third
Imbalance is if people like each other but disagree on third

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Attitudes are not in synch with behaviors

Engaging in behavior that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing attitude so it is consistent with behavior

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16
Q

Leon Festinger’s Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Need to change either attitude or behavior

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17
Q

Two types of dissonant

A

Free-choice and forced-compliance

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18
Q

Post-decisional dissonance

A

Dissonance emerges after his choice

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19
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

Relative worth of alternatives is spread apart through either accentuating negative on let go choice or accentuating positive on choice

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20
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

Boring tasks, had to tell next subject that it was fun, were paid either 20$ or 1$. 1$s enjoyed the task more

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21
Q

Minimal Justification Effect

A

Changing internal cognitions because external justification is minimal

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22
Q

Daryl Bem’s Self perception theory

A

People infer what their attitudes are based on observation of their own behavior

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23
Q

Overjustification effect

A

If you award someone for doing something they already like, they may stop enjoying it

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24
Q

Self presentation

A

Ways we act in line with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others

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25
Self- monitoring
Pay attention to actions and change behaviors to be more favorable
26
Impression management
Behaving in ways that might make a good impression
27
Hovland’s 3 components of persuasion
Communicator, communication (presentation of argument), and situation
28
Credibility Study
Articles written by "different sources" One found more credible sources change attitudes
29
Sleeper effect
Over time, persuasiveness of credible source decreases
30
Self-interest
By arguing for Self-interest, persuasiveness increases | Ex. drug addicts who argue for greater police power persuasive
31
Two-sided messages
Contain arguments on both sides, used for persuasion because seemingly balanced
32
Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Two routes to persuasion Peripheral: don’t care much about issue, doesn’t take a lot to convince Central: care a lot about issue, strong arguments will change mind
33
Analogy of inoculation
Body resists stronger when exposed to pathogen, minds same with attack of persuasion
34
Cultural truisms
Beliefs seldom questioned | McGuire believed they were vulnerable to attack
35
Refuted counter | arguments
Practice defending beliefs can be helpful for actual attacks
36
Reactance
Trying too hard to persuade, it threatens other person’s freedom and they will believe the opposite
37
Festinger’s Social | Comparison theory
Drawn to affiliate because we tend to evaluate ourselves in relationships. Prefer to evaluate by non social means, but then compare to others when this isn’t possible. Less similarity, less tendency to compare Self-evaluation linked to need to affiliate
38
Reciprocity hypothesis
We tend to like people who indicate they like us and dislike people who dislike us
39
Aronson and Linder’s Gain-loss Principle
Evaluation that changes will have more of an impact. Ex. Someone starts to like us, we will like more than someone who always liked us
40
Social exchange theory
A person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another person
41
Equity theory
We consider costs and rewards of another person as well. We prefer our ration to be equal to other’s ratio
42
Over Benefitted people
Tend to feel guilty, and illogical punishments make people anxious
43
Need complimentary
Choose relationships that mutually satisfy each other’s needs Ex. dominant and submissive Talker and more quiet
44
Attractiveness Stereotype
Tendency to attribute positive and desirable characteristics to attractive people
45
Spatial Proximity
Closer people live to each other, better opportunity for something to develop or increase intensity
46
Zajonc Mere exposure hypothesis
Repeated exposure leads to enhanced liking of it
47
Social Influence
Presence of others lead to interpretation of an event as nonemergency
48
Diffusion of Responsibility
Most significant factor at Kew Gardens Only one bystander, has the responsibility to help. Others present, responsibility shared More people present, less likely to offer help
49
Pluralistic Ignorance
Smoke in the room while alone or two confederates experiments. Defines event as nonemergency
50
Base-rate fallacy
Overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with
51
Illusion of control
Belief you can control things you have no influence on
52
Oversimplification
Simple explanations for complex events
53
Representativeness heuristic
Shortcut assumptions to guess rather than relying on logic
54
Availability heuristic
WHen people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group because examples come to mind more easily
55
Batson’s empathy altruism model
Witnessing shocks, empathy-helped distress- left
56
Berkowitz’s Frustration- | aggression hypothesis
Strength of frustration experienced correlated with level of aggression observed
57
Sherif’s autokinetic effect
Stare at a light in a dark room, the light will appear to move Had subjects estimate amount of movement alone and with others Changed estimate in group
58
Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study
Subject in a room of other men Cards had lines differing in length Confederates agreed on wrong answer, subject would agree with wrong 37% of time Pressure to conform to group
59
Compliance
Change in behavior as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure
60
Foot-in-door effect
Compliance in small request increases likelihood of compliance with larger requests
61
Door-in-face effect
Refusing a large initial requests are more likely to agree to a later small request
62
Clark & Clark doll preference tasks
Showed children a black and white doll. Majority of both preferred white doll. Subsequent methodologies showed unreliable
63
Dimensions of personal identity
Identities organized into hierarchy | More salient- more we conform to role expectation
64
Bandura’s Self efficacy
Strong self-efficacy, more lily to exert effort on a task | Judgments based on performance, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological and emotional states
65
Social perception
Impressions about the characteristics of individuals
66
Primary effects
First impressions are more important than subsequent impression
67
Recency effect
Most recent information is the most important in forming our impressions
68
Heider’s Attribution theory
``` Tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior Dispositional causes (related to person's character) or situational attribution (characteristics of situation that caused behavior ```
69
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to look for personality flaws, the general bias toward making dispositional attributions
70
Halo effect
General impression about a person influence more specific evaluations
71
Theodore Newcomb’s study
Conservative students at a liberal college, increasingly accepted the norms of their community
72
Edward Hall study on Proxemics
Cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from others. Strangers further than close friends
73
Social loafing
Tendency for people to put forth less effort in a group than with acting individually
74
Zimbardo’s Prison simulation
When a person is anonymous, there is diminished restraint of unacceptable behavior
75
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and personal identity (happened in Zimbardo’s study)
76
Groupthink
The tendency for decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information Janis discovered in regards to historical situations
77
Risky shift
Group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choice
78
Value hypothesis
Risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued (ex. Risky business ventures)
79
Stoner’s experiment
Pregnant couples choosing between mom and baby in risky pregnancy Found a shift with group decisions towards caution not risk
80
Group polarization
Leading current explanation | Tendency for group discussion to enhance the group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution
81
Kurt Lewin’s Leadership style study
Laissez-faire: less efficient, organized, and satisfying Autocratic- more hostile, aggressive, dependent on leader (but quantity of work was greatest) Democratic- more satisfying, cohesive, and greater work motivation and interest
82
Deutsch Prisoner’s Dilemma
Investigating choice to compete or cooperate | Shown compete over cooperation
83
Trucking Company Game
Companies could choose to cooperate on fixed prices or compete against each other with lower prices
84
Robber’s Cave experiment
Cooperation and competition with boy’s camp. Able to make competition
85
Superordinate goals
Best obtained through intergroup relations
86
Excitation Transfer theory
Attribute our excitement to something else. Ex. bungee jumping on a first date. May like that person
87
Objective self awareness
Self-perception, high self-monitoring, self-efficacy | And looking in a mirror
88
Lazarus
Studied stress and coping Problem-focused: change the stressor Emotion-focused: change our response
89
Rodin and Langer
Elderly w/ plants have better health
90
Bogus Pipeline
Measures physiological reactions aka truthfulness of self-reporting
91
Peter principle
Promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence and stay there
92
Stuart Valins
Studied environmental influences on behavior architecture impact on students
93
Rokeach
Racial bias, people prefer to be with like minded people over like-skinned
94
Fischbein and Ajzen’s theory of reasoned action
Behavior is determined by attitude and social norms
95
Hazel Markus
Interdependence and independence cultures in cross cultural research
96
Elaine Hatfield
Studied two basic types of love- passionate and companionate
97
Paul Ekman
Sad, happy, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
98
FACS coding
Coding facial expressions can determine whether smile is genuine or fake
99
REciprocal socialization
When two parties adapt to each other
100
Harold Kelly
Base attributions on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
101
Walter Dill scott
Applied psych to business
102
Landsberger
Hawthorne effect
103
Sociotechnical system
Interaction between people and technology
104
Richard LaPierre
Said they would refuse service to asians, but did not | Suggests that attitude does not necessarily dictate behavior
105
Rosenthal and Jacobson's pygmalion in the classroom
Self-fulfilling prophecy- kids told they were capable performed better
106
Out Group homogeneity
Tend to see out group is being all the same

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