Personality and Abnormal Psychology

Question 1

• William Sheldon’s early theory of personality defined __/__ that he related to human behaviour. He characterized people by…
• What terms did he use to describe body types?

Answer 1

• physical/biological; body type, relating somatotypes (i.e., body types) to personality types.
• Endomorphy (soft and spherical); mesomorph (hard, muscular, rectangular); ectomorph (thin, fragile, lightly muscled)

Question 2

• E.G. Boring suggested that the development of psychology was due to…

Answer 2

• Zeitgeist, or the changing spirit of the times, and not due to the efforts of great people

Question 3

• Humanism developed as a system in the mid _ century
• It arose in opposition of __ and __
• Humanistic psychology opposed the __ of the psychoanalytic perspective and the __ __ of behaviourism
• Humanists believe in the notion of __ __ and the idea that…
• Two important humanists are…

Answer 3

• 20th
• psychoanalysis and behaviourism
• pessimistic, robotic concepts
• free will; people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (behaviourism) or instincts (psychoanalysis)
• CArl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

Question 4

• In 1972, __ __ was placed in charge of an asylum in Paris that was marked by horrible conditions
• What did he believe about people with mental illness?
• How did he improve the lives of his patients?

Answer 4

• Philippe Pinel
• that they should be treated with kindness and consideration
• Removed their shackles, allowed them to go outside on hospital grounds, gave them beds to sleep on, and made sure they were treated humanely. These reforms spread to other asylums

Question 5

• Another important reformer was __ __, from 1841 to 1881, she advocated for the human treatment of the mentally ill. Her campaign was instrumental in improving the lives of mentally ill in the US.

Answer 5

• Dorthea Dix

Question 6

• In 1883, Emil Kraepelin published a textbook in which he noted that….
• After noticing this, he then went on to…

Answer 6

• some symptoms of mental disorders occurred together regularly enough that the symptom patterns could be considered specific types of mental disorders.
• describe the disorders and worked out a scheme of classifying disorders by integrating their clinical data . This classification was a pre-cursor to the DSM

Question 7

• Advances were made in the later part of the 19th century in the biomedical understanding of physical and mental disorders. An important development was the discovery of the etiology of __ __, which was a disorder characterized by..
• It was eventually discovered that the condition above was due to…and that the mental disorder seen in the syndrome was caused by…

Answer 7

• general paresis;delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death.
• brain deterioration caused by syphilis (which was untreatable until 1909); organic brain patholog

Question 8

• In 1938, Cerletti and Bini introduced the use of…

- They did this because they believed that…

Answer 8

• electroshock for the artificial production of convulsive seizures in psychiatric patients
• epileptic-like convulsions could cure schizophrenia. The convulsions were so violent that patents were in danger of fracturing vertebrae and other bones

Question 9

• Between 1935-1955, tens of thousands of patients were subjected to __ __ to treat schizophrenia
• What was the result?

Answer 9

• prefrontal lobotomies
• the lobotomies didn’t cure anything, they just made the patients easier to handle, since, in many cases, the patient became tranquil and showed an absence of feeling

Question 10

• What changed the atmosphere in psychiatric hospitals in the 1950s?

Answer 10

• the introduction of antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia. Many formerly ‘hopeless’ patients were released completely

Question 11

What are the 4 categories of personality theories?

Answer 11

• psychodynamic (psychoanalysis), behaviourist, phenomenological, and type and trait

Question 12

• Freud’s id is the…
• The id functions according to which principle?
• What is the primary process?
• What is wish fulfillment?

Answer 12

• reservoir of all psychic energy, and consists of everything psychological that is present at birth.
• the pleasure principle - whose aim is to immediately discharge any energy buildup (i.e., relieve tension)
• The id’s response to frustration operating under the dictum of “obtain satisfaction now, not later”. For example, if a person gets hungry and food is available, it is through the use of the primary process that a memory image of food might alleviate the frustration experiences.
• The mental image of the object ^. However, since the person can’t eat his mental image, another system forms.

Question 13

• Since the mental image cannot effectively reduce tension on a permanent basis, what happens?
• the ego operates according to what principle?

Answer 13

• the ego and its mode of functioning, the secondary process, come into play.
• the reality principle, which takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle

Question 14

• What is the aim of the reality principle?
• While the ego’s functioning suspends the workings of the primary process, it does so only in service of the id to pragmatically meet the demands of objective reality. The mutual give and take of ego and secondary process with reality promotes the…
• The ego can be understood to be the __ of the id…

Answer 14

• to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object that will satisfy the need has been discovered or produced
• growth and elaboration of the psychological processes of perception, memory, problem solving, thinking and reality testing.
• organization; receieving its power from the id, it can never really be dependent of the id

Question 15

• How is the superego similar to the id?
• The superego represents the __ branch of personality, striving for…
• What are the two subsystems of the superego?

Answer 15

• it is also not directly in touch with reality and strives for the ideal rather than the real
• moral; perfection
• 1) the conscience - provides rules and norms about what constitutes bad behaviour. For a child, whatever the parents disapprove of will be incorporated into the child’s conscience.
  2) ego-ideal -provides rules for good, appropriate behaviour. For a child, whatever the parents commend will be incorporated into the child’s conscience.

Question 16

• According to Freud, an instinct is…
• Instincts are the __ aspects of Freud’s dynamic theory of personality
• What are the two types of instincts Freud listed:

Answer 16

• an innate psychological representation (wish) of a bodily (biological) excitation (need).
• propelling
• 1) Life (eros) - serve the purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, sex)
  2) Death (thanatos) - represent an unconscious wish for the ultimate, absolute state of acquiescence

Question 17

The form of energy by which the life instincts perform their work is called the __

Answer 17

• libido

Question 18

• What are defence mechanisms in Freud’s theory?

- What are the two common characteristics of all defence mechanisms?

Answer 18

• they are the ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety
• 1) they deny, falsify or distort reality and 2) they operate unconsciously

Question 19

• Name and describe the 8 main defence mechanisms

Answer 19

1) Repression - unconscious forgetting of anxiety provoking memories
2) Suppression - A more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting.
3) Projection - Occurs when a person attributes their forbidden urges to another.
4) Reaction Formation - A repressed wish is warded off by its opposite (e.g., kid who hates his brother and who is punished for his hostile acts may turn his his feelings into the exact opposite and shower his brother with affection.
5) Rationalization - Process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behaviour/thoughts
6) Regression - refers to a person reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to a traumatic event
7) Sublimation - transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviours
8) Displacement - pent up feelings (often hostility) are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings (e.g., man harassed by boss at work goes home and provokes an argument with his wife)

Question 20

• Carl Jung preferred to think of libido as…

- Jung identified the ego as the __ __, and he divided the unconscious into two parts:

Answer 20

• psychic energy in general (not just psychic energy rooted in sexuality)
• unconscious mind; 1) THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS - similar to Freud’s unconscious and 2) THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS - which is a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors

Question 21

• The collective unconscious includes…

- These images are building blocks for the …, referred to in Jung’s theory as __

Answer 21

• images that are a record of common experiences, such as having a mother and father.
• …collective unconscious; archetypes

Question 22

• What is an archetype?

Answer 22

• A thought or image that has an emotional element

Question 23

• Name and describe the major Jungian archetypes:

Answer 23

1) Persona - a mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention. This archetype originates from social interactions in which the assumption of a social role has served a useful purpose to humankind throughout history
2) Anima - (feminine)
3) Animus - (masculine) - both 2/3 help us to understand gender; the feminine behaviours in males and the masculine behaviours in females
4) Shadow - consists of the animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life.
5) Self - the person’s striving for unity, and is the point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious.

Question 24

• What is the shadow archetype responsible for?

Answer 24

• the appearance in consciousness and behaviour of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions.

Question 25

- Jung symbolized the self as __, a Sanskrit word meaning __ __

Answer 25

- mandala; magic circle

Question 26

- Jung saw the mandala as the mythic expression of...

Answer 26

- the self, as the reconciler of opposites, and as the promoter of harmony.

Question 27

- Jung also had a typology of personality. He distinguished two major orientations of personality: - According to Jung, these two orientations are both present in personality but...

Answer 27

1) ExtrOverson - an orientation towards the external, objective world. 2) Introversion - orientation toward the inner, subjective world. - one is typically more dominant

Question 28

- Jung also described 4 psychological functions: - What did he state about these four functions in terms of differentiation? - Jung believed that these systems, attitudes and functions all interact in dynamic ways to form __

Answer 28

- thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting - typically, one is more differentiated than the other 3 - personality

Question 29

- Alfred Adler's theory focused on...and their effects on... - Adler was the originator of the concept of the __ __, which is the individual's sense of... - According to Adler, what drives the personality?

Answer 29

- immediate social imperatives of family and society (social variables); and their effects on unconscious factors - inferiority complex; sense of incompleteness, sense of imperfection, both physically and socially - striving toward superiority

Question 30

- According to Adler, striving toward superiority enhances personality when... - When does striving become the root of personality disturbances?

Answer 30

- it is socially oriented, that is, when the striving leads to endeavours that benefit all people - when the striving is selfish and not socially oriented

Question 31

- What is the creative self? - What is style of life? - What is crucial in molding a person's style of life? - What term did Adler coin?

Answer 31

- A notion developed by Adler, which is the force by which each individual shapes their uniqueness and makes their own personality - Also Adlers notion, which represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority (opposed to inferiority). - the family - "lifestyle"

Question 32

- What is fictional finalism? | - According to Adler, human goals are based on...

Answer 32

- An important concept in Adler's theory of personality. This is the notion that an individual is motivated more by their expectations about the future than by past experiences. - A subjective or fictional estimate of life's values rather than the objective data from the past

Question 33

- Notice the difference between Freud, Jung and Adler. Whereas Freud's main assumption is that behaviour is motivated by __ __, and Jung's main theory is that a person's conduct is..., Adler assumes that people are primarily motivated by...

Answer 33

- inborn instincts; governed by inborn archetypes; striving for superiority

Question 34

- Karen Horney postulated that the __ personality is governed by...

Answer 34

- neurotic; one of ten needs

Question 35

- Karen Horney believed that each of the ten needs is directed toward... - What are some examples of these neurotic needs? - Horney emphasized that neurotic needs resemble....except in.. - What are the 4 differences?

Answer 35

- making life and interactions bearable - the need for affection and approval, the need to exploit others, the need for self-sufficiency and independence - health ones; four respects - the four differences between neurotic and healthy needs are 1) they are disproportionate in intensity; 2)they are indiscriminate in application, 3) they partially disregard reality, and 4) they have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety. For example, someone with a neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence would go to great lengths to avoid being obligated to someone else in any way. As the central focus of the person's life, it would be a neurotic need, not a healthy one.

Question 36

- Horney's primary concept is that of __ __ | - What is Horney's concept based on?

Answer 36

- basic anxiety | - the premise that a child's early perception of the self is important

Question 37

- According to Horney, what produces basic anxiety in the child? - What are the three strategies the child uses to overcome basic anxiety and achieve a degree of security? - What is the difference in how healthy and unhealthy children use these strategies?

Answer 37

- a sense of helplessness as a child confuses the child, makes the child feel insecure, and produces basic anxiety - The child uses 3 strategies in his relationships with others: 1) moving toward people to obtain the good will of people who provide security, 2) moving against people, or fighting them to have the upper hand, 3) moving away or withdrawing from people. These strategies are the general headings under which the ten neurotic needs fall. - Healthy people will use all 3 strategies, depending on the situation. However, the highly threatened child will use one of these strategies rigidly and exclusively and this carries over into adult personality

Question 38

- A modification and extension of Freud's theory was initiated by...., and was the result of... - She suggested that psychoanalytic theory and psychotherapy could benefit from... - She augmented our understanding of __ __, and is usually considered to be the founder of __ __

Answer 38

- Freud's daughter, Anna; her working with children - more direct investigation of the conscious ego and its relation to the world, the unconscious, and the superego - defence mechanism; ego psychology

Question 39

- Erik Erikson, another ego psychologist, provided a direct extension of psychoanalysis to the psychosocial realm. He expanded and reworked Freud's stages to... - In doing this, Erikson showed that... - Erikson used his framework to describe the healthy person on their __ __, and not merely...

Answer 39

- cover the entire lifespan - even negative events or conflicts could have positive effects on adult personality. - own terms; as opposed to the healthy individual

Question 40

- Object relations theory falls under the realm of __ theories of personality - "Object" refers to.. - Object theorists look at the __ and __ of these internalized objects in young children - Other important object theorists include...

Answer 40

- psychodynamic - the symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child's personality - creation, development - Melanie Klein, D.W Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg

Question 41

- Psychoanalysis is a __ __ treatment for... | - Freud believed that, by gaining insight into __ __, the...

Answer 41

- long-term; uncovering repressed memories, motives and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development. - repressed material, the energy being utilized to deal the with repressed conflict would be freed up and made available for further development

Question 42

- Early in the development of psychoanalysis, Freud used __ to free repressed thoughts from the patient's unconscious, but later dropped this method for others. - Describe free association, dream interpretation, resistance and transference

Answer 42

- hypnosis - free association - client says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful or seemingly irrelevant it appears to be. - dream interpretation - understanding of patient's dreams to develop an understanding of their unconscious conflicts - resistance - also defined as an unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives or experiences, and is a major part of psychoanalysis - transference - involves attributing to the therapist, attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient's relation with significant others in the past.

Question 43

- What was Freud's rational for using dream interpretation?

Answer 43

- He believed that the defences are relaxed and the mind is freer to express forbidden wishes and desires during dream states

Question 44

- Through transference, the therapist can...

Answer 44

- help recreate the patient's experiences so that the patient has an opportunity to uncover, acknowledge, and understand their relationships with others.

Question 45

- What is countertransference? - Why is it important for a therapist to understand this? - Classical psychoanalysis is very __ and requires a... - Neo-Freudian approaches place more emphasis on..... than on ....

Answer 45

- the various emotions the therapist feels towards the patient throughout treatment - so that it does not impact treatment in a counterproductive way. This is one of the reasons that psychoanalysts in training undergo psychoanalysis themselves - expensive; longer commitment than most people can make, which has lead to many modifications in the treatment - current interpersonal relationships and life situations than on childhood experience and psychosexual development

Question 46

- the basic assumption of behaviour theory regarding personality development is that behaviour is... - __ __ and __ __ blended some psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioural stimulus-response reinforcement learning theory approach - ^ they focused on....in the development of personality

Answer 46

- learned as people interact with their environment - John Dollard, Neal Miller - conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies

Question 47

- B.F Skinner considered personality to be a...

Answer 47

- collection of behaviour that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced enough to persist. That is, personality is the result of behavioural development of an organism.

Question 48

- Albert Bandura also believes that learning principles are sufficient to account for personality development. The basis of his social learning theory is __ __ behaviour - Bandura stressed that learning occur not only by having...., but also by..., this is called __ __

Answer 48

- modelling observed - having one's own behaviour reinforced (as skinner believes), but also by observing other people's behaviours being reinforced; vicarious reinforcement (or vicarious learning)

Question 49

- Martin Seligman and others extrapolated his learned helpelessness dog study to the realm of human depression and __ __ __ - Individuals who consistently face difficult situations from which they cannot escape learn to feel powerless to overcome their problems. Over time this kind of environment can lead to..

Answer 49

- locus of control | - learned helplessness, and external locus of control

Question 50

- Behaviourists view maladjustment and abnormal behaviour as learned through... - Behaviourists believe that individuals learn faulty __ __ that are __ by.. - While psychoanalysts consider the symptoms to be manifestations of some disorder, behaviourists consider... - Behaviour therapy has been proven to be quite successful with certain problems, particularly...

Answer 50

- interactions between people and the environment - coping patterns; maintained by some kind of reinforcement - the symptoms to be the disorder - phobias, impulse control problems, and personal care maintenance for people with intellectual disabilities and hospitalized psychotic patients

Question 51

- Albert Ellis's developed __ __ Therapy, in which the basic assumption is.. - What is the difference between Beck's approach and Ellis's approach in terms of helping a client with their thoughts?

Answer 51

- Rational Emotive; that people develop irrational ways of thinking - In Beck's approach, the client might be asked to write down negative thoughts about themselves, figure out why they are unjustified, and come up with more realistic and less destructive cognitions. In Ellis's therapy, the therapist might challenge an irrational belief that the client has, helping them to recognize these beliefs and change them to more rational ones.

Question 52

- Why do psychoanalysis not believe that symptom relief is adequate therapy? - What is the term psychoanalysts use for this belief?

Answer 52

- Because the underlying cause is still there, they believe that new symptoms will develop to replace the old ones. - symptom substitution

Question 53

- Why are phenomenological psychologists sometimes called humanistic? - The concepts of phenomenology are similar to those of the __ theorists, since... - The __ theory of personality, closely linked to both __ and __ theories, has a __ view of the self

Answer 53

- because they focus on what distinguishes us from animals - Existential; existential psychology employs phenomenological analysis - Gestalt; existential, humanistic

Question 54

- Kurt Lewin's _ theory puts very little stock in ___ on personalities, such as... - Lewin's theory was heavily influenced by __ psychology - Lewin saw personality as __ and constantly __ - According to Lewin, a personality can be __ up into __ __, which he called __

Answer 54

- Field; constraints; such as fixed traits, habits or structures (e.g., id, ego, supergo) - gestalt - dynamic, constantly changing - divided, ever changing, "systems"

Question 55

- What did Lewin suggest about personality development?

Answer 55

- That under optimal conditions, the regions within the personality are well articulated and function in an integrated fashion. When the region is under tension or an anxiety, however, articulations between various regions is generally diffused.

Question 56

- According to Maslow, when do people strive for higher-level needs? - In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what are the lowest levels of needs? - Next are ....needs, ....needs and finally, the highest order need, which is.. and refers to... - According to Maslow, how many people reach the highest need?

Answer 56

- Only when their lower order needs are met - physiological and safety needs (food, shelter, etc.) - belongingness and love needs; esteem, cognitive and aesthetic needs; self-actualization; the need to realize one's fullest potential. - not many reach self-actualization

Question 57

- Who and what did Maslow study? | - What did he identify in terms of those who he studied?

Answer 57

- the lives of individuals who he felt were self-actualizers (e.g., Beethoven, Einstein, George Washington, Elanor Rosevelt) - several characteristics that these people had in common, which included a non-hostile sense of humour, originality, creativity, spontaneity, and a need for some privacy

Question 58

- According to Maslow, self-actualized people are more likely than non self-actualized people to have what?

Answer 58

- Peak experiences, which are profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on the individual

Question 59

- George __ used himself as a... - He hypothesized the notion of the individual as... - The individual constructs a... - The anxious person, rather than being...., is one who is...

Answer 59

- Kelly; model to theorize about human nature and set aside the traditional concepts of motivation, drive unconscious emotion, and reinforcement - a scientists, a person who devises and predictions about the behaviour of significant people in their life. - scheme of anticipation of what others will do, based on their knowledge, perception, and relationships with these other people. - the victim of inner conflicts and dammed-up energy (as in psychodynamic theory); having difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in their environment

Question 60

- According to George Kelly, psychotherapy is a process of __ whereby the individual.... Then, the individual will be able to...

Answer 60

- insight; acquires new constructs that will allow them to successfully predict troublesome events; direct these new constructs into already-existing constructs

Question 61

- In general, humanistic-existential therapies tend to emphasize the process of __ __ in one's life by... - Mental disorders tend to be viewed as stemming from problems of... - Humanistic therapy facilitates __ into a client's __ and __ - Existential approaches to therapy include...

Answer 61

- finding meaning; making one's own choices - alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, and a lack of meaningful existence. - exploration; thoughts, feelings - empathy toward the client, as well as understanding, affirmation and positive regard

Question 62

- Carl Rogers identified himself with humanistic psychology, although his personality theory is basically __ - He is most known for client centered therapy, person centered therapy or __ therapy - Rogers believed that people have the...., and are neither.... nor... - The client is seen as being able to __ upon their __, make __, take __ __ and help...

Answer 62

- phenomenological - nondirective - freedom to control their own behaviour; slaves to the unconscious (as the psychoanalysts would suggest); subjects of faulty learning (as behaviourists would suggest). - reflect upon their problems; choices; positive action; determine their own destiny

Question 63

- One objective of Rogers' therapy is to help... | - A climate of __ __ __ and __ is provided to enhance this desired situation ^

Answer 63

- the client become willing and able to be themselves and to increase the congruence between what the person thinks they could be (the ideal self) and what they actually are. - unconditional positive regard; understanding

Question 64

- Victor Frankl, a survivor of Nazi concentration camps, is closely identified with the... - In Frankl's view, mental illness and maladjustment stems from...

Answer 64

- search for meaning to existence | - a life of meaninglessness

Question 65

- Type theorists attempt to characterize people according to... - trait theorists attempt to ascertain the,,,

Answer 65

- specific types of personality | - fundamental dimensions of personality

Question 66

- One well known therapy divides personalities into two types: Type A/Type B - define - Type A personalities are more prone to __ __ than type B personalities, and are most prevalent among...

Answer 66

- Type A - characterized by behaviour that tends to be competitive and compulsive. Type B - laid back and relaxed - heart disease; middle-upper class men

Question 67

- Raymond Cattell is a __ theorist who used __ __ to measure personality in a more comprehensive way, attempting to account for... - Cattell identified __ basic __ __, or relatively permanent __ __ in individuals that constitute the building blocks of personality

Answer 67

- trait; factor analysis; underlying factors that determine personality - 16; reaction tendencies

Question 68

- Hans J. Eysenck used __ __ to develop a theory of __ - He determined that the broad dimensions of personality were __, which were followed by more __ __ - Eysenck's goal was to use __ __ to test... - Eysenck discovered two dimensions on which personalities differed: - Later, he added another dimension that indicated __

Answer 68

- factor analysis; personality - types; specific traits - scientific methodology; Jung's division of extroversion and introversion - introversion-extroversion, and emotional stability-neuroticism - psychoticism

Question 69

- Gordon Allport, primarily a __ theorist, listed __ basic types of traits or dispositions. Define:

Answer 69

trait; 3; 1) cardinal - traits around which a person organizes their life (e.g., mother theresa's cardinal trait may be self-sacrifice). Not everyone develops cardinal traits, but everyone develops the other 2 types. 2) central - represents major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or fatalism. 3) secondary - more personal characteristics that are limited in occurance

Question 70

- A major part of Allport's theory is the concept of __ __, which means that a... - Allport's theory allows for many types of __, as well as the uniqueness of..

Answer 70

- functional autonomy; given activity or form of behaviour may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of original reason for existence (e.g., a hunter may have originally hunter in order to obtain food to eat. However, the hunter may continue to hunt even after there is enough food. Allport's theory suggests that the hunter may continue to hunt simply because of the enjoyment; that which began simply as a means to obtain a goal became the goal itself. - motives; motives in any individual

Question 71

- Allport distinguished between what two approaches to personality? - Which approach did Allport suggests that personality theorists should use?

Answer 71

1) ideographic - focuses on individual case studies 2) nomothetic - focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals - the ideographic approach, avoiding the nomothetic approach. He later substituted the term 'morphogenic' for idiographoc and the term 'dimensional' for nomothetic

Question 72

- David McClelland identified a personality trait that is referred to as the __ __ __

Answer 72

- need for achievement (N-Ach)

Question 73

- According to McClelland, people with a high N-Ach tend to be concerned with __ and have... - Those with a high N-Ach tend to avoid... - Additionally, they set __ goals, and do not...

Answer 73

- achievement; pride in their accomplishments - high risks (to avoid risk of failing) and low risks (because easy tasks won't generate a sense of achievement) - realistic; continue striving for a goal if it is unlikely

Question 74

- Herman Witkin endeavoured to draw a... - He classified people according to their... - At one pole is the capacity to... - At the other pole is a...

Answer 74

- relationship between an individual's personality and their perception of the world - degree of field dependence - make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (field independence) - more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (field dependence). For example, people who are highly field dependent will be more influenced by the opinions of others because they respond in a diffuse manner, not distinguishing separate ideas or even distinguishing their own ideas from the ideas of others.

Question 75

- Another important area of personality research is __ __ work on internal locus of control - People with an internal locus of control tend to believe that they control their own destiny, whereas those with an external locus of control tend to believe that __ and __ __ control their destiny - locus of control and __ __ are related - What is the link between attribution and self-esteem?

Answer 75

- Julian Rotter's - chance, outside events - self-esteem (people who tend to attribute their success to ability tend to have a higher sense of self-esteem then people who attribute it to luck or task ease (external locus of control) - People with high self-esteem tend to attribute their failures to bad luck or task difficulty (external locus of control), while people with low self-esteem tend to attribute their failures to lack of ability (internal locus of control)

Question 76

- Someone who is manipulative and deceitful is sometimes described as having __ personality traits - People who score high on machiavellianism tend to agree with statements such as..

Answer 76

- machiavellian " most people don't know what's best for them", "the best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear", and "anyone who completely trusts anyone else is asking for trouble"

Question 77

- Sandra Bem's theory on __ __ suggests that... | - What is androgyny?

Answer 77

- gender identity; because people can achieve high scores on measures of both masculinity and femininity on personality inventories, it follows that masculinity and femininity must be two separate gender dimensions - the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

Question 78

- The concept of stable personality traits has been seriously challenged by __ __, who believes that...

Answer 78

- Walter Mischel; human behaviour is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than those of the person.

Question 79

- When do neurodevelopmental disorders typically present themselves? - When does ADHD typically manifest? (age) - Which gender is ADHD more prevalent in? - When is ADHD typically diagnosed? - As many as _ to _% of school children may experience this disorder - Symptoms usually attenuate during _, but may continue into adulthood

Answer 79

- during infancy, childhood or adolescence - Age 3 - males - when child enters school - 3-5% - adolescence

Question 80

- The autism spectrum describes a... - This group of disorders includes the former DSM-IV diagnoses of... - Individuals with these disorders are often routine and __ - Children with autism may not cuddle or make __ __, and may display little to no __ __ - Impairment in __ skills, both __ and __ is often present - Children with ASD tend to be oversensitive to...

Answer 80

- range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social and communication skills, as well as by repetitive behaviours. - autism, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) - stereotyped - eye contact; facial expression - language skills; receptive and expressive - sensory stimuli, such as sound, lights, colour, odour and/or touch

Question 81

- Tourettes disorders is characterized by.. - The duration of Tourette's is ... - The disorder occurs in approx _-_ individuals out of 10,000

Answer 81

- multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics - lifelong, but periods of remission may occur - 4-5

Question 82

- Tics are sudden, __ and __

Answer 82

- recurrent, stereotyped

Question 83

- the term Schizophrenia was coined in 1911 by - Before this, schizophrenia was called? - Schizophrenia literally means __ __ - positive symptoms are....and include... - negative symptoms are....and include...

Answer 83

- Eugen Bleuler - dementia praecox - split mind - behaviours, thoughts or affects ADDED to normal behaviour; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour - those symptoms that involve the absence of normal of desired behaviour; flat affect. blunted emotional expression

Question 84

- Know the definitions of delusions of (grandeur, persecution, reference, thought broadcasting, thought insertion)

Answer 84

- grandeur involves the belief that the individual is a remarkable person, such as an inventory, historical figure, or even the queen of england

Question 85

- Which sensory modalities to hallucinations occur in? | - What is the most common form of hallucination?

Answer 85

- all of them | - auditory, involving voices that the individual perceives as coming from inside or outside their head

Question 86

- disorganized thought is characterized by the __ of __ - This may be exhibited as... - What is neologisms?

Answer 86

- loosening of associations - speech in which ideas shift from one subjects to another on unrelated subjects in such as way that a listening would be unable to follow the train of thought. A patient's speech may be so disorganized that it will seem to have no structure = word salad - new words developed by individuals with schizophrenia

Question 87

- Another common characteristic of individuals with schizophrenia is disturbance of affect, or the expression of emotion. List 3: - Catatonic motor behaviour refers to... - This behaviour may look like....

Answer 87

- blunting, flat affect, inappropriate affect - various extreme behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia. - a significant reduction in the patient's spontaneous movement and activity, or a rigid posture that is maintained, refusing to be moved. On the other hand, it can also look like useless and bizarre movements not caused by any external stimuli.

Question 88

- Before schizophrenia is diagnosed, a patient often goes through a phase called __ __, also called the __ __ - This ^ is characterized by... - What is this ^ followed by?

Answer 88

- poor adjustment; prodromal phase - a clear evidence of a deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behaviour, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences - an active phase of symptomatic behaviour

Question 89

- Know the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | - What is the double-blind hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Answer 89

- It holds that, as a child, the person with schizophrenia contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from their primary caregiver (usually, mother). For instance, a mother may tell her child to be more affectionate, yet yell or punish the child whenever it approaches her. Torn between these contradictory messages, the child may begin to feel anxious, and these disorganized messages become internalized. From this point, the child begins to see their perceptions of reality as unreliable. Although this hypothesis is not widely supported, research has suggested that faulty family communication may play some role in explaining the origins of some forms of schizo

Question 90

- Major depressive disorder is characterized by.... | - As many as __% die from suicide

Answer 90

- at least one major depressive episode, at least a two-week period during which there is a prominent and relatively depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities. - 15%