Personality part 3 Flashcards

Question

What is Manipulation in personality psychology?

Answer 1

People change their environment to fit their needs. Example: A controlling person might pressure friends to do what they want.

Answer 2

Instead of judging one action, psychologists look at behavior over time. Example: Instead of measuring responsibility based on one missed deadline, they check how often a person is late overall.

Answer 3

To improve hiring decisions and workforce efficiency. ✅ Example: A company hiring for customer service looks for high agreeableness and low neuroticism.

Answer 4

It helps employers choose the right candidate based on personality traits. Example: A bank hiring a teller prefers high conscientiousness and low impulsivity.

Answer 5

Assessing the likelihood of an employee engaging in counterproductive behaviors (e.g., theft, absenteeism). Overt tests: Directly ask about past behaviors like missing work or stealing. Covert tests: Measure traits indirectly, like honesty, kindness, or emotional stability. Example: A company hiring a bank teller might prefer someone with high conscientiousness and low impulsivity.

Answer 6

➡ 1. Overt Tests – Directly ask about counterproductive behaviors like theft or absenteeism. ➡ 2. Covert Tests – Measure traits indirectly linked to behavior, like honesty or emotional stability. ✅ Example: A retail store might use an overt test to check if an applicant has stolen in previous jobs.

Answer 7

To avoid discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or other protected characteristics. ✅ Example: A company shouldn’t reject a candidate just because they are introverted unless the role requires extroversion.

Answer 8

MBTI classifies people into rigid personality types but lacks scientific validity. Created for profit – The MBTI industry makes millions, despite lacking strong scientific support. Not developed by experts – Created by two non-psychologists (Katherine Briggs & Isabel Myers) based on Carl Jung’s theories. Oversimplifies personality – Categorizes people into only 16 types (e.g., "Extraverted Thinker"), forcing complex traits into rigid categories. Ignores personality as a spectrum – In reality, most people fall in the middle of traits (e.g., someone might be 50% extroverted and 50% introverted). Lacks predictive validity – It does not reliably predict job performance or success. Example: An MBTI "extrovert" might still struggle in sales if they lack assertiveness. ✅ Example: Someone classified as an “extrovert” may still struggle in public speaking, proving MBTI is oversimplified.

Answer 9

It is simple, attractive, and easy to understand, making it popular despite lacking scientific support. ✅ Example: Businesses use MBTI in team-building exercises, even though it doesn’t predict job performance. Unlike MBTI, HPI is backed by scientific research. Why is it better? Developed by an expert – Robert Hogan was a psychologist who studied personality scientifically. Based on the Big Five Model – Uses the widely accepted Five-Factor Model (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism). Validated through studies – Large-scale research shows HPI can predict job performance and workplace success. Used for hiring decisions – Many companies use HPI to assess leadership potential and teamwork. Example: A company hiring a CEO might look for someone high in Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability.

Answer 10

HPI is backed by research, uses the Big Five model, and predicts workplace success. ✅ Example: HPI helps identify leadership qualities, making it useful for selecting managers.

Answer 11

✔ Based on research and measures stable traits. ✔ Can predict real-world outcomes. ✅ Example: A scientifically valid test can predict job performance based on conscientiousness.

Answer 12

MBTI categorizes people, while HPI measures traits on a scale and predicts job performance. ✅ Example: A high conscientiousness score in HPI suggests reliability at work, whereas MBTI provides only a general personality label.

Answer 13

To select employees based on traits that align with job requirements while avoiding bias. ✅ Example: A pilot needs high emotional stability and conscientiousness, so testing should focus on these traits.

Answer 14

🔹 Definition: Temperament refers to early-emerging, biologically based personality traits that influence emotional responses and arousal. 🔹 Example: A baby who frequently smiles and laughs (positive temperament) may continue to be an outgoing and sociable child.

Answer 15

Early Emergence – Individual differences in temperament appear very early in life. Example: Some babies are naturally more active or irritable than others. Moderate Stability in First Year – While changes happen, some stability exists. Example: A baby who cries a lot at 3 months may still be more reactive at 12 months. Short-Term vs. Long-Term Stability – Traits remain stable over short periods but may change over long intervals. Example: A baby who is always smiling at 6 months might be different at age 5. Increasing Stability – As infants grow, their temperament becomes more stable. Example: A child who is naturally shy at 2 years old might still be reserved at 6 years old.

Answer 16

✅ Yes, stable individual differences emerge very early in life. 🔹 Example: Some babies are naturally more active, irritable, or calm than others.

Answer 17

✅ Yes, but predictability decreases over time. 🔹 Example: A highly energetic toddler may become a hyperactive child but could calm down as a teenager.

Answer 18

✅ Yes! Aggression stays somewhat stable appears early (as young as age 3) and remains stable over time. 🔹 Example: A child who frequently hits others in preschool is more likely to struggle with aggression in adulthood.

Answer 19

If people are ranked based on personality traits, their position remains relatively stable. Studies using self-reports indicate moderate to high stability in the Big Five traits. Stability increases with age: Teen years: +0.47 correlation Twenties: +0.57 Thirties: +0.62 Fifties: +0.75 Example: A person who is more introverted than most people at 20 is likely to remain more introverted at 40.

Answer 20

🔹 On average, personality traits stay stable, but small shifts occur: 📉 Openness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism decrease with age. 📈 Conscientiousness and Agreeableness increase over time. 🔹 Example: A highly neurotic teenager may become calmer by middle age.

Answer 21

✅ Yes! Therapy and life experiences can modify personality traits. 🔹 Example: A drug rehabilitation program can lead to decreased Neuroticism and increased Conscientiousness & Agreeableness.

Answer 22

Example: A shy college student (low Extraversion) who takes on leadership roles in a job may become more outgoing over time.

Answer 23

Self-esteem remains relatively stable over time, but there may be fluctuations depending on life events and experiences. Example: A teenager might struggle with low self-esteem, but as they gain life experience and success, their self-confidence may increase in adulthood.

Answer 24

These traits tend to increase in young adulthood as individuals take on more responsibilities but may decrease in older age as priorities shift. Example: A college student becoming more independent and ambitious in their career, but later in life focusing more on work-life balance.

Answer 25

Sensation-seeking behaviors peak in late adolescence (18-20 years old) and tend to decline with age as people prioritize stability and safety. Example: A teenager may enjoy extreme sports or risky activities, but as they grow older, they might prefer safer hobbies like hiking.

Answer 26

Cultural, societal, and historical changes influence personality traits in different generations. Example: Women in the 1950s were expected to take domestic roles, but today, more women pursue higher education and leadership positions.

Answer 27

There is an ongoing debate about whether younger generations show more narcissistic traits due to social media and societal changes. Example: Some studies suggest that modern youth seek more validation online, but this does not necessarily mean they are more narcissistic than past generations.

Answer 28

Neuroticism (emotional instability, anxiety, mood swings). Lack of impulse control (acting without thinking, reckless decisions). Example: Someone who gets anxious easily and overreacts to small problems may create tension in a marriage. A person who impulsively spends money or cheats is also at risk of relationship failure.

Answer 29

High neuroticism (more stress, anxiety, mood swings). Low agreeableness (less consideration for others, more aggressive behavior). Low conscientiousness (less self-discipline, risky behavior). Example: A person with low conscientiousness might party excessively, leading to alcohol or drug addiction.

Answer 30

High openness: (curious, imaginative, open to new ideas) More likely to explore spirituality and seek deeper meaning. High agreeableness & conscientiousness: More likely to follow religious teachings. Example: Someone who is imaginative and loves discussing philosophical ideas may be drawn to spiritual practices.

Answer 31

High conscientiousness (organized, disciplined, hardworking). Low impulsivity (better focus, avoids distractions). Grit (perseverance and passion for long-term goals). Example: A student with high conscientiousness will plan their study schedule and avoid procrastination, leading to better grades.

Answer 32

Higher extraversion is linked to better health due to positive emotions and social engagement. Higher agreeableness (low hostility) also contributes to longer life expectancy. Lower neuroticism is associated with better stress management and fewer health problems. Example: Someone who is highly conscientious is more likely to follow a healthy diet, exercise, and avoid risky behaviors like smoking.

Answer 33

Yes! If someone marries a person similar to them in personality, their traits remain stable. If they marry someone different, their personality may change over time. Example: An introvert who marries an extrovert may become more social due to their partner’s influence.

Personality part 3 Flashcards

(57 cards)