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personality psych Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality?

A

it is the set of psychological trait and mechanisms w/in the individual. Personality influences our interactions with and adaptions to environment including, intrapsychic, physical and environment.

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2
Q

what are psychological traits?

A

characteristics that describe how people are different from each other. personality researchers are interested in four Q’s: how many traits there are, how the trait are organized, the origins of the traits, and the correlations and consequences of the traits.

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3
Q

what are the 3 psychological mechanisms?

A

similar to traits, except that the term mechanisms refers more to the process of personality. INPUT (how a person gets info from the environment), decision rules IF THEN (something happening, if then thoughts) and OUTPUT ( outcome).

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4
Q

what are the 3 levels of personality analysis? describe them

A

human nature, individual and group differences and individual uniqueness.
Human nature= need to belong/capacity for love. Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and possessed by nearly everyone. “like all others”
Individual & group differences= “like some others” group differences refer to ways in which the people of one group differ from people of another group. Individual differences refers to ways in which each person is like some other people.
Individual uniqueness= how we are “like no others”. every individual has their own personal and unique qualities not shared.

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5
Q

what is a fissure in the field?

A

A gap within personality psychology that has not yet successfully bridged. There are 2 . Grand theories of personality - the gap between human nature level of analysis and contemporary research in personality, the analysis of individual and group differences.

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6
Q

what is grand theories of personality?

A

attempt to provide universal account of the fundamental psychological processes and characteristics of our species. Statements about the universal care of human nature lie at the enter of grand theories of personality. (ex/ Sigmund frauds psychoanalytic theory).

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7
Q

what is contemporary research in personality?

A

most current research is contemporary. Focus more on the differences in individual and groups, NOT human universals. Psychologists specialize in specific domains ex/ biological aspects of personality.

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8
Q

what is the domain of knowledge? and how many domains are there?

A

is a speciality area of science and scholarship. focus on learning about specific and limited aspects of human nature. “get the big picture of knowledge” . There are 6 domains of knowledge

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9
Q

what are the 6 domains of knowledge?

A

dispositional, biological, intraphysic, cognitive- experimental, social and cultural and adjustment.

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10
Q

what is the dispositional domain (a domain of knowledge)?

A

deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another and therefore, cuts across all other domains. Focus on # and nature of fundamental dispositions. INTERESTED in the ORIGIN OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES and how these develop over this. differences in human-human traits.

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11
Q

What is the biological domain (domain of knowledge)?

A

core assumption. Humans are collections of biological systems. these systems provide building blocks fro behaviour, thought and emotion.

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12
Q

What is intrapsychic domain? (domain of knowledge)

A

deals with the MENTAL MECHANISMS of personality. classic and modern versions of Frueds theory of psychoanalysis- work on repression, denial, projection, achievement, etc. “within the mind”

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13
Q

What is cognitive-experimental domain? (domain of knowledge)

A

Focuses on cognition and subjective experiences such as -conscious thought, feelings and beliefs. SELF AND SELF CONCEPT. goals we set and strive for. emotional experiences over time.

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14
Q

What is social and cultural domain? (domain of knowledge)

A

assumption that personality impacts and is impacted by, cultural and social contexts. cultural differences between groups and individual differences within cultures.

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15
Q

what is adjustment domain? (domain of knowledge)

A

personality plays a key role in how we cope, adapt and adjust to events in daily life. Personality is linked to health outcomes and problems in coping.

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16
Q

What is the ROLE of personality theory?

A

a good theory fulfills three purposes in science: 1- provides a guide for researchers and 2- makes predictions. Theories are not the same as beliefs because they are tested by systematic observations that can be replicated by others.

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17
Q

what are the 5 standards for evaluating personality theories?

A

comprehensiveness (explains most or all known facts), heuristic value(guides researchers to important discoveries), testability(makes precise predictions that can be empirically tested), parsimony(contains few premises or assumptions), compatibility(consistent with what is known in other domains/can be coordinated with other branches of scientific knowledge) and integration ^

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18
Q

describe self report data:

A

info provided by a person, such as through a survey or interview. You know you best. You can use unstructured items such as open ended questions or structured items such as response bubbles provided. The limitations of s-data is that people may not respond honestly and people may lack accurate self-knowledge.

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19
Q

observer report data (o-data)

A

you select observers, hire someone or use friends, family or acquaintances. People who actually know the target are often in a better position to observe targets natural behaviour opposed to professional personal. Because of the relatonship with target, observer may be biased.

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20
Q

what are the two types of observation settings for O-data?

A

naturalistic vs. artificial —- naturalistic is in a natural environment where observers witness and record events that occur in the normal course of lives of the participants. advantage is you can use realistic context but disadvantage is not being able to control events witnessed.
artificial observation occurs in a controlled setting . has the advantage of controlling conditions and eliciting relevant behaviour, but at the cost of sacrificing realism.

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21
Q

what is t-data ? test data

A

mechanical recording devices ex/ “optometer” used to assess children’s activity. advantage is this type is to biased by human observers and may be used in naturalistic settings. disadvantage is a few personality dispositions lend themselves to mechanical assessment.

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22
Q

what are disadvantages of t-data?

A

people might try and guess what trait is being measured and then change a response to create a specific impression of themselves. the use of t-data is inherently interpersonal and a researcher may inadvertently influence how the participants behave.

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23
Q

what is physiological data?

A

physiological measures can provide information about a persons level of corsal reactivity to various stimuli, and the spread at which on takes in new info- all potential indicators of personality.

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24
Q

what is FMRI?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging. physiological data source. A technique used to identify the areas of the brain that “light up” when performing certain tasks such as verbal problems or spatial navigation problems. - provides a physiological data source that can be linked with personality dispositions, intelligence or psychopathology. (type of tdata)

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25
Q

what is a benefit and disadvantage of FRMI?

A

advantage= it is difficult for participants to fake responses, particularly in measures of arousal or reflexive responses, such as eye blinking startle reflux. disadvantage= recording is typically constrained by a relatively artificial lab situation.

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26
Q

projective techniques?

A

type of tdata. this is in which the person is given a stimulus and asked what they see. (ex/ ink blot test). its considered tdata because all subjects are presented with standard testing situation, all are given the same instructions and the test situation elicits behaviours that are thought to reveal personality.

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27
Q

what is life outcome data?

A

refers to information that can be gleaned from the events, activities and outcomes in a persons life that are available to public scrutiny (ex/ marriage and divorce are a matter of public record). pERSONALITy measures measured early in life often important down the road.

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28
Q

what are some issue with life outcome data?

A

key issue is how closely the findings obtained from one data source correspond to findings found in another data source. and the fallibility of personality measurement

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29
Q

what is triangulation?

A

to examine the results that transcend data sources - if some results are found without two or more data sources, then researchers have a greater Candace in credibility of those findings.

30
Q

define reliability and 3 ways to measure reliability.

A

reliability is the degree to which measure represents the “true” level of trait being measured. 3 types/ways to measure= 1. test-retest reliability 2. inter-rater reliability 3. internal consistency reliability.

31
Q

define validity and the 5 types of validity

A

validity is the degree to which measures what it claims to measure. the five types are , 1. face validity- on the surface, does the test intend to measure what it plans on. 2. predictive or ariterion validity- test predicts things that are external to test. 3. convergent validity- test correlates to measures that it should correlate to 4. dissonant validity- test should NOT correlate with something else 5. construct validity- all of them, measures should bee there.

32
Q

what are the three evaluation of personality measures?

A

reliability, validity and generalizability.

33
Q

what is generalizability?

A

degree to which measures retain validity across different contexts, including different - groups of people and different conditions. Generalizability subsumes reliability and validity. Greater generaliziabilty is not always better.,

34
Q

WHAT are the 3 research designs in personality?

A

experimental methods, correlational methods and case studies.

35
Q

explain experimental methods and its 2 key requirements (its a research design)

A

used to determine casuality- whether one variable causes another. 1. manipulation of variables 2. ensuring that participants in each experimental condition are equivalent to each other

36
Q

explain correlational studies/method (its a research design)

A

correlation is a statistical procedure of determining whether there is a relationship between two variables. Designed to identify “what goes with what” in nature - what traits predict another. Not designed to identify causal relationships. ONE MAJOR ADVTANGE is thet it allows us to identify relationships among variables as they occur naturally.

37
Q

explain case studies (its a research design)

A

in depth examination of the life of one person. advantage is that you find out about personality in great detail and provide in depth knowledge about an outstanding figure, such as a political or religious figure. Disadvantage= longgggg studies and results are based on the study of a single person cannot be generalized for others.

38
Q

what are trait descriptive adjectives?

A

words that describe traits, attributes, of a person that are reasonably characteristic of the person and perhaps enduring over time. (consistent and stable over time)

39
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

once the important traits have been identified, the next step is to formulate an organized scheme/ organizes elements.

40
Q

what is traits as internal causal properties?

A

Internal desire can influence external behaviour, presumingly causing someone to act a certain way. Psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions believe that traits lay dormant in the sense that capacities remain present even when particular behaviours are not actually expressed - needs, desires, drives- exist, even in the absence of observable behavioural expressions.

41
Q

what are traits as purely descriptive summaries?

A

traits as attributes of persons: they make no assumptions about internality or causality. Those who view traits as descriptive summaries do not prejudge the causes of someones behaviour. they merely use traits to describe, in summary fashion, the trends in persons behaviour.

42
Q

explain the Act Frequency Formulation of Traits? and the 3 key elements

A

a # of psychologists who endorse the descriptive summary forumlation of traits have explored the implications of this forumlation — the approach starts with the notion that traits are categories. (ex/ penguin and sparrow are in a larger category of bird) The 3 key elements are ACT NOMINATION, PROTOTYPICALITY JUDGEMENT AND THE RECORDING OF ACT PERFORMANCE.

43
Q

what is act nomination ? ( act frequency approach)

A

a procedure designed to identify which acts belong in which trait categories. (Ex/ someone is impulsive, think all of all the acts that go along with it)

44
Q

what is prototpicality judgement? (act frequency approach)

A

involves identifying which acts are most central or prototypical to each trait category. (ex/ “took charge after the accident” to be more prototypical dominant than the act of “deliberately arrived late for the meeting”)

45
Q

what is recording act of performance ? (act frequency approach)

A

securing information on the actual performance of individuals in their daily lives. - using S-data or O-data to gather info.

46
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages to the frequency act approach?

A

advtanges= helpful in making explicit the behavioural phenomena to which most traits terms refer, also helpful in identifying behavioural regularities- phenomena that must be explained by any comprehensive personality theory. also helpful in identifying cultural similarities and differences in the behavioural manifestation of traits.
disadvtages- most criticisms aimed at the technical implementation of the approach. (ex/ it does not speicify how much context should be included in the description of a relevant trait) and the approach seems applicable to overt actions, but what about failures to act and overt acts that are not directly observable.

47
Q

what are the three fundamental approaches used to identify IMPORTANT TRAITS:

A

1) lexical approach, statistical approach and theoretical approach

48
Q

what is the lexical approach and what are the two criteria for identifying important traits? (in regard to important trait identification)

A

starts with the lexical hypothesis: all important individual differences have become encoded within natural language. according to lexical approach, trait terms are extradorinarliy important for people communicating with others.
2 criteria are synonym frequency and cross cultural universality.
synonym frequency is if an attribute has not merely one or two trait adjectives to describe it but rather many words, then it is a more important dimension of individual difference.
cross cultural universality- the logic is that if a trait is sufficiently important in all cultures in which members have codified terms to describe trait, then the trait must be universally important in human affairs

49
Q

what is the statistical approach? (in regard to important trait identification)

A

starts with a pool of personality items - can be trait words or a series of questions about behaviour, expression, etc. once a large pool of diverse items has been assembled, stats approach applied = having a large # of people rate themselves on the items, then using a stat procedure to identify groups or clusters of items. the GOAL is to identify the major dimensions or “coordinates” of the personality map.

50
Q

what is the most used statistical procedure in the statistical approach ? (in regard to important trait identification)

A

most commonly used is FACTOR ANALYISSIS- essentially identifies groups of items that covey/ go together but tend not to go together with OTHER items. a major advantage of this is that it provides a means for determining which personality variables have some common property. (If you miss a factor analysis, it could be trouble - get what you put in)

51
Q

what is factor loading?

A

how much of the variation in an item is “explained” by the factors- indicate the degree to which the item correlates w/ the underlying factor.

52
Q

what is the theoretical approach ? ( in regard to important trait identification) strengths/ weaknesses ?

A

starts with a theory that determines which variables are important - dictates which variables are important to measure. strictly determines which variables are important.
strengths- only as strong as the theory- a powerful theory will stop us from wandering.
weakness- weak theory- gaps or biases will reflect omissions or distortions.

53
Q

what is Eysenck’s model of personality? and what are the 3 main traits

A

is most strongly rooted in biology.
he developed a model of personality based on traits he believed were highly HERITABLE.
1) extraversion- introversion 2) neuroticism- emotional stability and 3) psychoticsm (PEN ACRONYM)

54
Q

what are the taxonomies of personality?

A

eysencks hierarchal model of personality, circumflex taxonomies of personality: the wiggins circumflex, the five factor model and the HEXACO model

55
Q

What are the five factor model?

A

1) extraversion 2) agreeableness 3) conscientiousness4) neuroticism- emotional stability and 5) openness-intellect/ openness to experience. BASEd on the combination of the lexical and statistical approach. there is some disagreement of the 5th factor in model .

56
Q

what is the empirical evidence/ findings with the 5 factor model ?

A

replicable in studies using English trait words as items, replicated in different languages and replicated using different formats.

57
Q

what are some disadvantages in the 5 factor model ?

A

critiques argue it omits important aspects of personality like: -positive evaluation, negative evaluation, sexuality, attractiveness, feminity/masculinity, spirituality.

58
Q

what is the key difference between the HEXACO model and the 5 factor model ?

A

the inclusion of anger under agreeableness rather than emotionality.

59
Q

what are the HEXACO categories?

A 
H= HONESTY-HUMILITY
E=EMOTIONALITY
X=EXTRAVERSION 
A=AGREEABLENESS
C=CONSCIENTIOUS 
O=OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE.
60
Q

what is the “dark side” of personality?

A

focused on the “Dark” expressions of human personality. there is 3 traits associated with disruptions and transgressions in social relationships:
1. machiavellionism
2. narcissism
3. subclinical psychopathy
and 4 which is new, sadism - added in 2010

61
Q

what are the 3 theoretical issues?

A

meaningful differences between individuals, consistency over time and consistency across situations.

62
Q

explain the meaningful differences between indivudals (theoretical issue)

A

there are meaningful differences between individuals. people differ in amounts of traits, and differences can be accurately measured.

63
Q

explain consistency over time (theoretical issue)

A

research indicates consistency over time for broad traits
how can there be consistency in a trait if it is known to change w/ age (eg. impulsivity). focus on the rank order between people.

64
Q

explain consistency across situations (theoretical issue)

A

trait psychologists traditionally assumed cross situation consistency.
situationism= the behaviour varies across situations, then situational differences and not personality traits determine behaviour.

65
Q

what is hartsharne &mays cross situational study ?

A

studied academic and play situations in children.
although they found little evidence for consistency in such traits as honesty. no consistency and study wasn’t really supported.

66
Q

explain person- situation interaction

A

there are two possible explanations for behaviour: 1. behaviour is a function of personality traits B=F(P) and 2. behaviours is a function of situational forces B=F(S)
BUTTTTTT. *****
a way to integrate these two points of view is to declared that both personality and situations interact to produce behaviour. B=F(pXs) ====== this formula suggests there is an interaction between personality traits and situational forces.

67
Q

what is AGGREGATION?

A

the process of averaging several single observations between behaviour or occasion may be influences by extenuating circ. unrelated to personality.
refers to the personals average level.

68
Q

what are the 2 measurement issues in trait research?

A

1) carelessness - method for detecting such problems is an infrequency scale embedded in test. using infrequency scale, if participant answers same question in different way than that suggests carelessness.
2) faking on questionnaire- “fake good” attempt to appear better off or better adjusted than one is (ex/ matchmaking website) “fake bad” attempt to appear worse off or less adjusted than one is (ex/ faking injury at work)

69
Q

what are Barnum statements?

A

are generalities that could apply to anyone. reliable test interpretations should make statements that are quantitive or that provide info about a trait relative to others. (ex/ that fb tests online about psychology)

70
Q

what is the most widely used but not best personality assessment device in business setting ?

A

the Myers briggs type Indicator (MBTI). assesses 8 fundamental preferences which reduce to four scores - extraverted versus introverted, sensing o intuitive, thinking or feeling and judging or perceiving. gives statistical predictions , can though …. be considered over represented.

71
Q

what is the better personality assessment device in business settings?

A

the hogan personality inventory. better choice than the MBTI. based on the big five model. seven primary scales and 6 occupational scales. high measurement reliability. used by BIG industries. based on the 5 factor model . its very expensive.

personality psych (7 decks)

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